
luQ 



Class 

Book J^ % ' 



Copyright ft°_ 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



graham System 

Shorthand $ 
Simplified 



sj& 



By GEO. A. JONES 



PART ONE 



Copyrighted by J. F. Draughon, Nashville, Tennessee, 1900. 



GRAHAM 

SYSTEM SHORTHAND 

SIMPLIFIED 



BY 



GEO. A. JONES 

EXPERT STENOGRAPHER AND 
COURT REPORTER 



AUTHOR OF 

JONES' COMMON SENSE 

ADVANCED DRILLS ON GRAHAM 

SHORTHAND, AND PRINCIPAL 
SHORTHAND AND TYPEWRITING 

DEPARTMENTS DRAUGHON'S 

PRACTICAL BUSINESS COLLEGE, 

NASHVILLE, TENN. 



!$£ 



PRESS OF 

BRANDON PRINTING COMPANY 

NASHVILLE, TENN. 



AA 



TWO COPIES RECEIVED, 

Library of eongt6§m 

MN 29 1900 

BesUt.r of Copyright* 

&,&, 1} 3=-. 
NOV 28 1900 




DRAWINGS 

In this Book made by the Author* 




PREFACE. 



Since the author's determination to write a book of this 
character became generally known, the demand for and interest in 
the book has been so great that it was decided to issue Part I 
in order to satisfy the*demand, while Part II is being completed, 
it being the original intention to bring out the two parts at the 
same time. Hence, this preface is in a sense only temporary, and 
therefore if it does not contain all the information a preface 
should contain, the reason may be understood and criticism with- 
held until the advent of Part II, at which time a permanent 
preface will be written, containing references to various sections 
of both parts, and such other information as is necessary. 

The part herewith issued is complete in itself as far as it goes, 
as it carries the student through the rudimentary principles. 
However, many of the best exercises of the work are yet to be 
presented, such as Exercises for Review and Examination, Short 
Cuts or Abbreviating Principles, such as Prefixes and Affixes, 
Words added by Hooks, Circles, etc.; Talks and Exercises on 
Court Reporting ; additional lists of Signs, Phrases, and Expedi- 
ents ; Drills on Phrasing ; Comprehensive Reading and Writing 
Exercises, including Business Letters carefully selected from actual 
correspondence, and choice articles from the best literature ; 
Items of Interest and Advice to Students and Writers of Shorthand. 

There have been some slight deviations from ' ' Pure Graham, ' ' 
as some are prone to call it. However, the deviations do not 
amount to a real difference in so far as the vital principles them- 
selves are involved, but to a rearranging of and a more systematic 
plan of presenting the principles, and to an elimination of the 
hair-breadth distinctions which render " Pure Graham," as taught 
by the strict adherers to the Hand Book, a very complicated and 
tedious system of shorthand ; such, for example, as the " Optional 
Vowel Scheme," by which it is sought to make the student distin- 
guish between the sound of a in ask and a in air, etc., giving a 
separate vowel sign for the latter. It would also, as would many 
other authors and systems, have the student distinguish ( even in 
practical work ) between the vowel sounds of berth and birth, 
birch and Burch, bird and burr, earn and urn, earth and turf, and 



8 PREFACE. 

hundreds of others, between some of which, there is theoretically 
a slight difference of vowel sound, but for all practical purposes 
such minute distinctions serve only to confuse the learner and rob 
him of his time. 

There are other points about which the author will speak in 
the preface to the final edition ; and, if the book seems to be 
lacking in some particular, he asks that judgment be suspended 
until that time. 

Sample pages and plans of the entire book have already been 
submitted to many noted writers and reporters, all of whom have 
given their unqualified endorsement of same. 

But I have not written the book alone, for Mrs. Jones has 
been a faithful and constant co-laborer with me, especially in the 
preparation of such complete drill exercises, and in the endeavor 
to eradicate all errors and inconsistencies, and in the correction of 
proof, etc.; and if this book shall find favor in the public mind, 
much of the credit belongs to her. 

George A. Jones. 

Nashville, Term., January 15, 1900. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED 



By GEORGE A. JONES. 



PART /. 



CHAPTER I. 

ALPHABET. 



ft* 
1 K 


G \ 


Vv 






1. It will be seen from the above illustration that the material 
used for shorthand writing consists of a simple geometrical figure — 
the circle and four diameters which divide it into quarters, or 
quadrants. By studying the illustration in connection with the 
arrangements of consonants which follow, the student will be 
greatly aided in learning the alphabet. 



IO SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

2. (a). 

\ \ II / / - -^L 

p B T D Chay J K Gay Hay 

/ K K ^ \ ( ( ) ) 

Ray F V R Way Ith Thee S Z 

r r i j <->^ ^ ^ 

I,ay Yay Ish Zhay M Imp N Ing 



(b). 



Straight. 
Curved. 



(o) 



\'\U^ 



Left Inclined. 



!(())' 



Vertical. 



/ / rr))// 



7\ 



Right Inclined. 



Horizontal. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. II 

(d). 

vo> \{)/ns/c5 

Light. 
Heavy. 

EXPLANATIONS — THE ALPHABET. 

3. The bold-faced letters in the first words of each section 
illustrate the sound or force of the shorthand character. 

P. 

4. (a) Up, pie, pipe, plum, proud, apple. This and all 
other perpendicular or inclined strokes except Hay, Ray, Lay, and 
Ish are written downward. Lay and Ish are written both upward 
and downward. Horizontal strokes are written from left to right. 

(b) When a consonant is doubled, one of the letters is almost 
invariably silent ; hence, only one p is marked in apple above. 
Notice, also, the words happy, appetite, commend, immune, inner, 
Fanny, huddle, allow, arrow, essay, latter, etc. 

B. 

5. (a) Bate, boy, bob, cub, blur, brim, bubble. The only 
distinction between Pand B, is that B is shaded. This is true of 
all pairs, A' and Gay, Lth and Thee, A 7 " and Lng, etc. 

(b) Do not shade any letter more than just enough to dis- 
tinguish it from a light stroke. 

T. 

6. Toe, toot, tooth, hat, tattle, tub. Be careful to make T 
and D perpendicular. It is an easy matter to incline them a little 
and make entirely different letters ; hence the importance of writ- 
ing them over hundreds of times so that they may be made rapidly 
and at the same time be accurate. 

D. 

7. Ode, doe, did, dread, fiddle. Same as T, except shading. 



12 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

Chay. 

8. (a) Check, catch, such, chum, chime, church, Fletcher, 
sachel. This character represents but one sound, although in 
longhand it requires two letters to represent it. 

(b) Bear in mind that no consonant has any real sound un- 
less used with a vowel. Consonants may be said to have force. 
If we pronounce the word "church" slowly, dwelling on the r, 
then finishing the word (chur-ch), we get a good illustration of 
the force (not sound) of Chay. (c) Let the student try this, then 
compare this sound, or force, with ch in other words. 

J. 

9. (a) June, jug, Joe, Jim, gem, wedge, judge, huge. It 
will be noticed that in longhand the letter g often has the same 
sound as/. In such cases the strokey is used in shorthand because 
/always has one fixed sound. When g sounds like /, it is called 
soft g ; when otherwise, hard g. Compare the words Jim and 
gem. They are pronounced almost exactly alike, yet spelled with 
/ and g respectively . Note other words spelled with g soft, and 
remember to use the shorthand charactery invariably. 

(b) Remember that in shorthand we write to correspond 
with what we hear when a word is spoken, not what we see when 
it is printed or written. 

K. 

10. (a) Dock, kitten, tank, cat, cut, talc, chord, chaos, 
choir, quire, request. Remarks on j and g above apply corres- 
pondingly to k and c, that is, c often has the sound of k ; and 
when this is true, it is regarded as k, for shorthand purposes, be- 
cause k has only one fixed sound, or force. (b) When c has the 
sound of k, it is called hard c ; when it has the sound of s y it is 
called soft c. (c) C, then, has no sound of its own, borrowing 
its sound either from k or s ; hence we have no use for a stroke C 
in the shorthand alphabet. 

(d) Notice that q is marked as having the sound of k. This 
is true, but as it is always followed by u, the combination almost 
invariably has the sound of kw. The- exceptions are in words 
taken from the French, as quay (ke), coquette, pique, burlesque, 
antique, etc., in which the u is silent. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 13 

Gay. 

11. Go, mug, great, glow, smuggle, guage, gig, pig. This 
character represents the hard sound of g y and is called c ' Gay ' ' 
because this name is more suggestive of its use than " G." Con- 
trast the words gem and game. Though both are spelled with g> 
the former has the sound of/, which should be used in writing 
the word. Read explanation ony in this connection. 

Hay. 

12. Hoe, here, hale, hymn, hat, hatch. Written upward. 
The name of this character is changed from the longhand " H " to 
"Hay," because the latter is more suggestive of its force in words 
in which it is used. The longhand name is very unsuggestive, 
resembling ch or Chay when pronounced, and might be spelled 
" aich." From this the student can see the wisdom of a better and 
more suggestive name. 

Ray. 

13. (a) Ray, row, reap, reach, rib, tarry. Written upward. 
This is simply another name for, and another way of writing, R, 
and is used for convenience in joining to certain strokes where the 
downward curve, R, would be inconvenient, or impossible. 'There 
is, also, one other distinction which will be explained at the proper 
stage of your study. 

(b) If standing alone, Ray may be inclined more than usual, 
in order to distinguish it from Chay. But if joined to other 
strokes, there is no chance of confusing them, since Ray, being 
written upward, is followed at the top, and preceded at the bottom, 
by other strokes, exactly the reverse being true of Chay. Consult 
the tables for illustrations on the manner of joining. 

F. 

14. (a) Fee, fire, taffy, laugh, tough, phlegm, sophomore, 
phosphate. The general direction of this stroke is the same as 
that of P, and it should be so formed that a straight line connect- 
ing the ends would make the character P. 

(b) In writing curved strokes, do not start off in the direc- 
tion of the slant. In writing F, for example, start in the direction 
of T, and gradually curve in the center, ending almost exactly in 
the direction of K. The same is true in a corresponding manner 
of all the curves except the horizontal curves, which need not 
have as much curvature as the upright or inclined ones. 



14 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

V. 

15. (a) Eve, vex, vague, oval, vine, convey. Same as F r 
except shading. 

(b) In shading curved strokes, they should be made to taper 
to a light line at each end, the main shading being in the center. 
Practice this until you can accomplish it with ease. 

R. 

16. Oar, arm, ark, peer, pour. Read explanation on Ray. 

Way. 

17. Way, woe, awake, award. This character represents 
the sound of the longhand " w. ' ' The name is changed to " Way ' ' 
because by far more suggestive than "double-u," which suggests 
several sounds, none of which even resemble the real force of the 
letter w when used in words. 

Ith. 

18. Thin, thigh, think, myth, bath, both, theme, Athens, 
Methodist. Pronounced as "with" without the w. Represents 
the light or thin sound of th. - 

Thee. 

19. (a) Then, the, thee, thy, they, scythe, bathe. Pro- 
nounced as the pronoun "thee." Represents the heavy or blow- 
ing sound of th. 

(b) Many students are unable, at first, to distinguish between 
the sounds represented by Ith and Thee. However, by carefully 
comparing the above words illustrating each, no difficulty need 
ever be had. Notice, for example, the words ' ' thin ' ' and ' ' then. ' ' 
They are spelled almost alike, yet there is much difference 
between the first sounds of the words, it requiring more effort and 
a heavier, harder sound to pronounce the th in the latter than in 
the former. (c) In like manner compare the sounds of th in bath 
and bathe. Pronounce bath } using the heavy sound of th as con- 
tained in bathe y and you will note much difference in the pro- 
nunciations of the word. Carefully pronounce, many times over, 
the words illustrating both sounds. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 15 

s. 

20. Us, ask, lasso, cider, recite, rice. Read what is said 
of Cin I 10, c. 

z. 

21. Esra, fcero, la^y, zephyr, rise, pose, rose, rosy. 5 very 
often has the sound of 2?, as shown above. When this is the case, 
the character for z is always used, since we are writing what is 
heard and not what is seen. [§ 9, bJ\ 

I/ay. 

22. I,ie, lay, lip, pale, mile, soil, old. This consonant, 
which is only another name for Z, is written upward when not 
joined to another stroke ; when joined it is written either upward 
or downward, according to which gives the best junction with 
other strokes. When written downward it is called "I/' (El). 
Another rule distinguishes between the use of L and Lay, and will 
be given later. 

Yay. 

23. Yes, you, yeast. This character has the force and use 
of the longhand y, but the name has been changed to a more sug- 
gestive one. Note that in longhand we can not even use the letter 
y as a consonant in spelling its own name, and must spell it 

"w-i, wi." 

Ish. 

24. (a) Wish, she, ashes, machine, issue, tissue. Pro- 
nounced as " wish " without the w. [b) Ish is written downward, 
when not joined to another stroke; when joined, it is written 
either upward or downward, according to which gives the best 
junction with other strokes. When written upward it is called 
"Shay." (c) When ch, as in machine, or ss, as in issue, tissue, 
etc., has the sound of sh, this character must be used regardless of 
longhand spelling. [$9, b.~] 

3hay. 

25. {a) Usual, pleasure, measure, a^ure. As zh is not a 
combination used in the longhand spelling of words, it may be 
difficult, at first, for the student to get the exact sound. However, 
by carefully and repeatedly pronouncing the above words, the cor- 



1 6 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

rect sound may readily be understood. Notice that either s or z 
has this sound in certain English words, (b) This Zhay sound is 
much used in the French language in such words as Jean, regime, 
jardiniere, Jeudi (Thursday), and other words spelled with/. 

M. 

26. Me, my, room, amuse, mummy. This and the three 
other horizontal curves, following, need not be given quite as 
much curvature as the upright curves. 

Imp. 

27. (a) Lamp, dump, hemp, impose, simple, emboss, 

embay. Pronounced as the word "itnp." Reprepresents the 
sound of m in close combination with p, and also with b ; but as m 
is more frequently sounded with p than it is with b, the character 
is generally called "Imp," but may be also called "Emb" in 
certain cases. 

(b) In presenting "Imp" as a member of the alphabet, the 
author of this work has made a wide departure from the plan of 
other authors, who have seen fit to present it with the more ad- 
vanced principles, calling it " M shaded to addp or £," etc., which 
is more or less confusing ; but any student can see the wisdom of 
the departure, for it will be noticed that it fills up the gap in the 
circle representing the alphabet, and gives to M her mate . It is 
also used in writing a large number of simple words. It would be 
almost as consistent to omit Ish from the alphabet, presenting it 
as an advanced principle and calling it " kS inclined to make sh % u 
as to omit Imp and call it a M shaded to add top or b." The rea- 
sons mentioned above certainly justify the introduction of Imp as 
a member of the alphabet. 

N. 

28. In, no, sense, tangent, written. 

Ing. 

29. {a) Writing, being, sing, sung, sang, bring, 
brink, ink, sink, bank, monkey, zinc. This is purely a consonant 
representing the sound which ng has as above, although its name 
corresponds to the complete spelling of the syllable ing ; and this 
character, to w r rite the sound of the syllable ing in full, must be 
preceded by the vowel i, short, in order that it may have the real 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 17 

sound u ing." [§8, b.~\ We must place before it, u, short, and a 
short, in order to get the sounds ung and ang, respectively, as in 
s u ng and sang, (b) Before k, or the sound of k, n almost invari- 
ably has the sound of ng, as shown above. 



ADDITIONAL REMARKS. 

DON'T GET "BI/UE." 

30. If there is anything which helps a student to learn short- 
hand, it is a happy, cheerful disposition, a buoyant nature, and a 
firm and manly determination to succeed, all of which tell him to 
go on, even though the way seems long and rough and dark and 
drear. Remember that many others, no brighter nor smarter than 
you, have traveled the same road, and have the courage to go 
boldly on, not doubting that you will succeed. Don't think that 
the night has no end because it is dark and you can not see, nor 
the sea no shore because your limited vision can not yet reach it. 
Only "be patient and labor hard," and the light will dawn and 
the shore will be reached. 

GET WELL ACQUAINTED. 

31. The student should not content himself with once 01 
twice reading over the explanations on the alphabet, nor with 
simply knowing the characters of the alphabet. He should write 
the characters and read the explanations until he not only knows 
them, but is absolutely fa miliar with them. There is a difference 
between knowing a man by sight and being familiar, or well ac- 
quainted with him. The student must get well acquainted with 
the members of the alphabet before he leaves them, for then he 
will begin to make new acquaintances, with whom, also, he must 
get familiar. 

HOW ACCOMPLISHED. 

32. The way to get well acquainted with a man is to associ- 
ate with him — the longer the association, the more intimate the 
acquaintance. Then, to familiarize these characters, associate 
with them closely and constantly. It is not enough to write them 
a few times once, then pass them by. You may know them fairly 
well now, but later you will forget them if you leave, them too 
soon. 



l8 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

DIRECTIONS TO STUDENTS. 

33. (a) Write the alphabet over at least one hundred times be- 
fore passing to another chapter. You should then see if you can 
write it four times in one minute if read to you, or three and one- 
half times if written by reference to the longhand names. If you 
can not write it that fast and make good legible characters, then 
you should proceed to write it another hundred times, or until you 
can write it at the required speed. 

(b) Don't sacrifice neat, legible characters for the sake of 
speed under any circumstances. Remember you are to read what 
you write, and that scrawly, scratchy, wrecklessly made outlines 
can not be tolerated in shorthand. 

34. Use the following in timing yourself for three and one- 
half times per minute : (Read also §35, a y b y before commencing.) 

P, B, T, D, Chay, J, K, Gay, Hay, Ray, F, V, R, Way, 
Ith, Thee, S, Z, Lay, Yay, Ish, Zhay, M, Imp, N, Ing. 

SPEED — HOW OBTAINED. 

35. Shorthand speed is obtained neither by fits and jerks, 
nor by slashing and dashing at a break-neck speed across the 
paper, but by learning abbreviating principles, by which one may 
take the near route through, and not the long one around. 
(b) Even the most rapid writers do not appear to be writing fast 
when taking dictation. Of course it is to your interest to make 
characters rapidly ; but if you can not do so 9 and at the same time 
make them accurately \ then content yourself with a knowledge of 
the fact stated in (a) above, and go ahead. Remember : accuracy 
first; speed second. Accuracy is the foundation of speed, and the 

foundation must be laid before the roof and the weather-vane are 
ready for a coat of paint. (Read \ \ 81, b y and 254 in this connec- 
tion.) 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 19 

CHAPTER II. 

JOINED STROKES. 

REMARKS TO THE STUDENT. 

36. (a) It is highly important that you should, early in your 
study, become familiar with the strokes joined to each other, for 
it is these with which you will have largely to deal in the form- 
ation or outlining of words. 

(5) Guided by the tables on Pages 22, 23, 24, 25, construct 
outlines as per longhand nomenclature. Be careful how you make 
the angle between strokes, when the junction requires an angle. 
Refer repeatedly to the tables in order to "correct any deficiency. 



STRAIGHT STROKES — JOINED AT AN ANGLE. 

37. Direction to Student: — Practice the following until 
you can write it in one minute and twenty seconds, and make good, 
legible outlines. 

P-D, P-T, P-Chay, T-P, K-Chay, Ray-Chay, Chay-Ray, B-Chay, 
J-Ray, Hay-T, Hay-D, Ray-Hay, K-Hay, Gay-B, P-Hay, B-D, 
K-Chay, Chay-K, T-B, Ray-K, J-K, J-K-B, B-K-P, P-D-J, J-D-P, 
P-J-D, D-P-J, K-J-K, P-K-P, K-Ray-K, K-Chay-K, T-B-Ray, 
Ray-B-T, P-Gay-Chay, P-K-Ray, Gay-Ray-B, Hay-D-Ray, 
Ray-T-Hay, Chay-K-Hay, Gay-T-P-Chay, P-Gay-T-K, K-Chay-K- 
Chay. 

CURVED STROKES — JOINED AT AN ANGLE. 

38. Direction to Student :— Practice until you can write 
in one minute and twenty seconds. 

F-F, V-F, N-F,.F-N, M-F, V-M, Z-R, R-Z, R-M, S-Z, Z-S, S-S, 
Ith-Thee, Thee-Ith, Ith-M, Lay-F, V-Lay, F-Yay, Lay-Yay, 
Ish-M, Shay-N, Zhay-R, R-L/ay, Imp-L/ay, L-Imp, Lay-Imp, Lay-M, 
L-M, L-L, Lay-Lay, Z-Lay, Thee-M, Lay-Thee, S-Lay, S-M, 
Ish-Ing, Ing-Ish, Ing-Ing, R-Imp, V-Lay, V-L, Lay-V, F-Ith, 
Ith-F, Thee-F, F-Thee, Ish-Zhay, Ish-Way, Way-Shay, R-N, 
Way-R, R-Way, M-M, N-N, F-M-M, Ish-Ish-M, F-V-F, F-F-V, 
V-V-F, V-F-V, Ing-N-Ing, S-S-Z, Z-S-Z, F-Thee-M, V-Yay-Imp, 
F-L-M. 



20 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

CURVED AND STRAIGHT — AT AN ANGLE. 

39. Direction to Student: — To be written in one minute. 

F-T, R-K, M-Ray, M-K, K-M, Ing-K, B-M, R-Ray, Ray- F, 
K-F, Gay-V, Gay-F, N-D, D-M, N-Chay, Chay-Al, F-Hay, Hay-V, 
P-Lay, P-L, Lay-P, B-R, F-Chay, Z-Ray, Ray-Z, Ish-K, Gay-Ish, 
Gay-M, Gay-N, Imp-Ray, N-P, Hay-N, D-Imp, Imp-T, J-F, V-J, 
J-N, J-L, J-Lay, L-J, Lay-J, N-K, Chay-Way, Way-K, K-Lay-Ray, 
Ray-F-X, F-Ing-K, Chay-Ing-K, Gay-Imp-Ray, N-P-M, P-M-Ray, 
M-Chay-Ray, M-Ray-Chay, Chay-M-Ray. 



JOINED WITHOUT AN ANGLE. 

40. Direction to Student : — Write in one minute and 
twenty seconds. 

P-P, B-B, T-T, D-D, Chay-Chay, J-J, K-K, Gay-Gay, Ray-Ray, 
P-B, B-P, T-D, D-T, Chay-J, J-Chay, K-Gay, Gay-K, D-V, D-F, 
F-K, V-K, T-V, F-Shay, V-Shay, P-N, P-Ing, B-Ing, B-N, M-N, 
Al-Ing, N-M, Ing-M, M-Ing, Ing-Imp, Imp-Ing, Imp-N, N-Imp, 
Lay-Shay, M-Ish, Imp-Ish, M-S, Imp-Z, Imp-S, F-R, V-R, F-Way, 
Ith-Z, Ith-S, S-Thee, Z-Ith, Z-Thee, Thee-Z, M-N-M, M-N-Imp, 
Imp-N-M, Imp-N-Imp, Imp-Ing-Imp, Ing-M-N, N-Imp-Ing, 
N-Imp-N, P-P-N, P-P-Ing, B-P-N, B-P-Ing, P-B-N. 



STROKES NOT JOINED. 

41. There being more than one way of writing the con- 
sonants R, L, SH, and Hay, it follows that there are certain join- 
ings with them which must, or must not, be used, as follows: 
(a) Ray and Hay are never used before R, M, and Imp. (b) R is 
never used before T, D, Chay, J, F, V, Itk y and Thee, nor after 
iT/and Imp. (c) I, is not used before P 9 B, T, D, I, V, Ith, Thee, 
Ish, and Shay, (d) Xf is seldom used before Chay, J, R, Way, S, 
and Z. (e) 1/ is seldom used after any of the strokes in the writ- 
ing of ordinary familiar words, (f) I^ay-Shay or Snay-I^ay 
(not L-Ish or Ish-L) is always used when a word requires the use 
of these two consonant strokes, (g) Shay is used only where the 
joining for Ish is bad or impossible, or where it joins considerably 
easier than Ish, which is not often the case, (h) The reason for the 
above rules is to secure better joinings or more lineal outlines. 
Of course there are a few exceptions, but they are governed by 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 21 

general rules which will be presented under the proper headings; 
for example, see § 168. 

(i) The student need not memorize all of $ 41, word for word, 
but should continually refer to it when writing words, until he 
finally becomes familiar with the outlines of the words as governed 
by this section. 

TABLE OF JOININGS. 
42. (a) Explanation — The following pages are intended as a 
guide for the student in the joining of strokes. The student 
should carefully note whether or not there should be an angle be- 
tween the various strokes, and also any other peculiarities of join- 
ing, for this is an important consideration. 

(b) Both teacher and pupil will find this .arrangement to be a 
most excellent one, it being not only a. guide to the student, but a 
great convenience to both teacher and student in the way of drill- 
ing on the reading of shorthand characters. 

(c) The arrangement, it will be noticed, is based on the same 
principle as the multiplication table, with which all are familiar. 
For example, if one wishes to know how to join "Gay-K," he 
will glance down the left-hand margin until he comes to Gay 
(or G) , then with his finger trace toward the right until his eye 
strikes K ovl the top margin, and there he will find the two strokes 
joined (Page 22). 

(d) There should be a decided angle between F and S, F and 
Z, and V and S. This fact is mentioned here because the table 
does not indicate it quite as plainly as it does the joining between 
the other strokes. 

(e) There are several joinings indicated in the tables which 
would not occur in the writing of single words ; but it is well to 
know these joinings, because they are frequently met with in 
more advanced work, where two or more words are joined 
(phrased). 



22 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



PBTDChJKGHRaFVR 




SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 23 

W TH TH S Z L Y SH ZH M MP N NG 



-V 
-> 






z 



Z- 






\ 



T 

3d 



k 



r 



i 



X. 



M 



i 



L, 



U 



L 



U 



T 



D 



V 



f 



ir 



7^ 



i 



M 



i 



L, 



L, 



L 



iZ 



4 



f 
Z 



/: 



r 



z 



a 



z 



7- 



4 

Z* 



f 



z 




x 



a 



z 



^ 



z 



z 



z 



ZL 



~\ 



z 



z 



a 



z 



z 



z 



z 



ZM 



Z 



ZL 



Z. 



<ZZ 



^ 



z*z 



A 



A. 



A 



A 



Z 



z 



</■ 









z 



w 



z 



z* 



s^ 



^r 



Vz 



£ 



& 



n 



m> 



kZUL 



2 



D N-Kj\ 



24 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

PBTDChJKGHRaFVR 



W 




> 



w 



\ 



V: 






TH 



L_ 



TH 



\- 



\ 



\ 



M 



i 



kL 



izL 



Vc 



T 



I 



1_ L_ 



YL 



Yl 



\ 



\ 



lr 



+r 



) )_y v 



H* 



Z\Z\ 



ZL 



A 




# 



2Z 



C Z_ ?% 







^^f« 




SH 



ZH 



M 



MP 



N 



NG 



W TH 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 25 

TH S Z I, Y SH ZH M MP N NG 




26 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

CHAPTER III. 

VOWELS AND CONSONANTS— DEFINED, DIS- 
TINGUISHED, AND CLASSIFIED. 

43. (a) " Vowel " and " vocal" are from the Latin vocalis, 
voice. Hence a vowel sound is the effect produced by forcing a 
volume of air through the vocal cords in the larynx, which causes 
them to vibrate, thus producing sound or voice, just as the reeds 
of an organ vibrate when air is pumped through them, (b) Quot- 
ing from Webster : u Voice * * * is produced by vibration o 
the so-called vocal cords in the larynx which act upon the air, not 
in the manner of the strings of a stringed instrument, but as a 
pair of membranous tongues, or reeds, which, being continually 
forced apart by the out-going current of breath, and continually 
brought together again by their own elasticity and muscular ten- 
sion, break the breath current into a series of puffs, or pulses, 
sufficiently rapid to cause the sensation of tone." (c) The vowels 
are spoken with the mouth open, and are pure musical tones, not 
obstructed by the organs of the mouth, that is, by the lips, the 
teeth, the tongue, the palate, or the nose. 

44. (a) The consonants, it has been remarked [J 8, b"\, have 
no real sound unless accompanied by a vowel. This statement is 
true so far as concerns the longhand names of the consonants 
which we use in naming the characters of the alphabet. The 
statement is also true so far as concerns us for all practical pur- 
poses. (J>) However, the consonants are not, of course, entirely 
devoid of sound ; and in order to give the student a better and 
more general knowledge of the science of sound, without going 
into long and tiresome details, Sections 45 to 57 inclusive, are pre- 
sented, (c) Too many authors fall into the unpardonable error of 
trying to make their books embrace complete treatises on elocu- 
tion and phonetics, and many other subjects not directly related 
to the study of the principles of shorthand, any one of which sub- 
jects would require volumes in order to properly present it. It is 
well, of course, for the student of shorthand to inform himself on 
these related subjects by reading the proper books ; but when a 
shorthand author attempts to tell it all in his textbook, he does 
justice neither to himself, to the student, to the related subjects, 
nor to the subject of shorthand. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 27 

QUALITIES OF CONSONANTS. 

45. Consonants, unlike vowels, are not spoken with the open 
mouth, unobstructed, but are obstructed by the different organs 
of the mouth, mentioned in § 42, c. 

sub-vocals. 

46. (a) Consonants may be divided into two classes — Sub- 
vocals and Aspirates. The former class may, as the name would 
suggest, be regarded as possessing slight vowel qualities. They 
are like vowels in so far as they are formed, most of them, by 
uniting pure tone with breath, thus producing a* kind of blowing 
sound of its own. (b) But even if we could analyze the sound ac- 
credited to these Sub-vocals, we should, in the author's opinion, 
find them nothing more than a smothering of the simple vowel 
sounds. Hence we may still say that for ail practical purposes, 
no consonant has any real sound without the aid of a vowel. 
(c) Following are the Sub-vocals : h, d, j or soft^-, g hard, v, r, 
w, th, as in then, z, 1, y, as in yes, z or s as zh, as in azure and 
usual, m and n. 

ASPIRATES. 

47. (a) The Aspirates are those consonants which, like the 
Sub-vocals, are obstructed by the organs of the mouth, but have 
no tone or vowel qualities, being only simple breathings, (b) Fol- 
lowing are the Aspirates : p, t, ch, k or c hard or equivalent q, 
h, for equivalent ph, th as in thin, s or c soft, sh, wh (hw)> x 
(ks) , x as in anxious. 

ANOTHER DIVISION. 

48. {a) We have already seen, from preceding sections, that 
a vowel is spoken with the open mouth — a clear, pure, unob- 
strucced musical tone, executed mainly by the vocal cords, etc. 
We have also seen that the consonants, both the Sub-vocals and 
Aspirates, require the assistance, or additional use, of the organs 
of the mouth in their formation, (b) Now, we again make a div- 
ision of the consonants, having reference to which of the organs of 
the mouth are employed in forming them, denned and illustrated 
in the sections which follow. 

labials. 

49. "Labial" is from the Latin, labium, meaning "lip." 
Hence the "labials," as applied in phonetics, are those consonants 



28 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

requiring mainly the action of the lips in their formation. They 
are : p as \npeep, b as in bob, and w as in wish. 

dentals. 

50. "Dental" is from the Latin, dens, dentis, " tooth." As 
applied in phonetics, consequently, the dentals are the consonants 
requiring the use of the teeth in their utterance. They are : s or 
the sound of s, as in sin, box, cider, % or sound of z, as in zeal, 
raise, xylophone. 

unguals. 

51. "Lingual," from the Latin, li?igua, "tongue." Hence 
the Unguals are the consonants using mainly the tongue in their 
formation. They are : t as in tot, and d as in died. 

palatals . 

52. The "palatals," in phonetics, as the name would imply, 
are the consonants requiring the use of the palate in their utter- 
ance. The palatals are also sub-divided into front, middle, and 
rear palatals, but here it is unnecessary to make this sub-division. 
They are : j or sound of/, g" hard, h, k or sound of k, r, s or z 
sounding like zh, ch, sh. and 1. 

NASALS 

53. From the Latin, nasus, "nose." Hence the application 
of the term in phonetics to denote those consonants which are 
vocalized in their formation by a passage of air through the 
nostrils, thus imparting a resonance to the sound. The nasals 
are : m as moan, n as noon, and ngf as in sung. 

LABIODENTALS. 

54. These are consonants requiring the combined action of 
the lips and teeth, as f infill, and v in valve. 

LINGUA-DENTALS. 

55. These require the combined use of the tongue and teeth, 
as th. in thin, and th. in then. 

MANY OTHERS. 

53. There are many other divisions, distinctions, classifi- 
cations, etc., among which are Labio-nasals, Dento-nasals, Lingua- 
nasals, Labio-palatals, Lingua-palatals, Gutturals, Sibilants, 
Liquids, etc., etc., none of which, except the latter, it is thought 
advisable to present in this work, enough having been said, it is 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 29 

hoped, to cause the student to think and investigate, and to give 
him a deeper insight into the science of sound and sound writing. 

THK LIQUIDS. 
57. (a) This class of consonants is not spoken of with reference 
to which of the organs of speech are employed in their utterance, 
hence are not classed with Iyinguals, Palatals, etc. They are 
classed with reference to their relation to other consonants. These 
liquids, as their name suggests, have the quality of flowing or 
gliding into, and uniting with, other consonants, and having 
others unite with them, and consequently of being uttered in a 
single effort, etc. They are : 1, r, m, and n, as in play, glee, 
apple, claim, fly, pry, fry, pray, stopper, dry, trip, brave, smite, 
smoke, snow, sneeze, etc. (b) This quality belongs more properly 
to / and r than to m and n, especially as applied in short- 
hand. This will be appreciated more fully later, however. 



CHAPTER IV. 

VOWEL REPRESENTATION— WORD WRITING. 
FIRST POSITION VOWELS. 

58. 

I 2 3 4 

]E IT "I Awe " 

Sat it all hot 

EXPLANATION. 

59. We have already seen that the consonants are repre- 
sented by straight and curved strokes — quadrants and radii of 
the circle. As can be seen from the above illustration, the vowels 
are represented by dots and dashes written beside the consonant 
strokes. 

60. (a) There are twelve vowels in the regular scale, four of 
which are shown above, (b) The twelve vowels are divided into 
three classes of flour vowels each, called respectively, first, second, 
and third position vowels, each class being written in a different 
place or position beside the consonant strokes. 



30 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

NAMES OF THE VOWELS. 

61. (a) Vowel No. i, the heavy dot, is pronounced just as 
the letter "e" is pronounced in connection with the longhand 
alphabet. It is the long sound of e. 

(b) Vowel No. 2, the light dot, is pronounced as the word " it," 
without sounding the t, or as the last syllable in pit-y. 

(c) Vowel No. 3, the heavy dash, is pronounced just as the 
word "awe," or the first syllable of aw-ful, and is the broad 
sound of a. 

(d) Vowel No. 4, the light dash, is pronounced as the word 
"on" without the n, and is the short sound of o. It very closely 
resembles the sound of a, as in arm, pa, palm, etc., but is a shorter, 
more quickly uttered sound than that of a, as will be seen by pro- 
nouncing the words on, not, and pop, then alms, ark, and palm, 
(Read remarks in Introduction about vowels. ) 

ILLUSTRATIVE SENTENCE. 

62. The following sentence, which is easily memorized, con- 
tains four words, the vowels in which illustrate the first position 
vowels in the order in which they are presented : IJat it all hot. 

(• • ) 

63. It will be noticed that the heavy vowel signs are repre- 
sentative of heavier or broader sounds than are the light signs. 
To illustrate, notice how much more prolonged is the word eve 
than in or sit, and awl than on or hop. The same applies to the 
second and third position vowels. 

POSITION. 

64. (a) In the illustration, the upright bar, or stroke T, 
directly under the figures i, 2,3, and 4, may be regarded as any 
consonant stroke, in order to illustrate the manner of placing the 
vowels, (b) Notice, then, that these first position vowels are placed 
beside the bar or stroke near the beginning, which is significant 
of the fact that : (c) The first position of any stroke is at the end 
of the stroke which is made first, regardless of the direction in 
which the stroke is written, (d) It naturally follows, then, since 
each stroke has three positions, that the second position of any 
stroke is midway between the two ends, that is, the center of the 
stroke, and also that the third position of any stroke is the term- 
inating point. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 3 1 

TO DETERMINE THE POSITION OF WORDS. 

05. If the vowel in a word of one syllable belongs to the 
class of vowels known as first position vowels, presented in this 
chapter, the word itself is said to be a " first position" word, and 
so with the second and the third positions, the name of the position 
of the vowel being applied to the word using the vowel. (The 
method of determining the position of words of more than one 
syllable will be explained under an appropriate heading in a sub- 
sequent chapter.) 

PLACING THE VOWELS. 

66. (a) The vowels (these dots and dashes) are placed on 
either side of a stroke, according as a vowel precedes or follows 
the consonant in a particular word or syllable, (b) If a vowel is 
to be read before a stroke it must naturally be placed on the left- 
hand site, and if after, on the right-hand side, of all upright or 
inclined strokes ; and if it is to be read before one of the horizontal 
strokes, K, Gay, M, Imp, N, or Ing, it must be placed above, and 
if after, it must be placed below, the stroke. 

PLACING THE STROKES. 

67. (a) The position of the word having been determined, it 
then remains to place the outline with reference to the lines on 
the paper used for shorthand writing, as follows: (b) If it is a 
first position word of only one upright or inclined stroke, this 
stroke must be placed above the line, about half the height of a T. 
(c) If the outline contains both upright and horizontal strokes, or 
more than one upright stroke, it is so placed that the first icpright 
(or inclined) stroke will be about half the height of a T above the 
line, (d) If the word contains one or more horizontal strokes, 
the outline is also placed above the line about as far as the full 
height of a T. 

SILENT LETTERS. 

68. (a) As has been previously remarked, shorthand writing 
is sound writing, or employing characters to represent the true 
sound of the various letters and combinations of letters ; hence, as 
we write by sound and not by letter, it is but natural that silent 
letters play no part in the science of shorthand writing. 

(b) The following pairs will illustrate this statement, the first 
showing the longhand spelling, the second showing only the let- 



32 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

ters which are sounded, or the " phonetic spelling' ' of the word : 
pea, pe; see, se; key, ke; beam, bem; thigh, thi; though, tho; 
laugh, laf; beau, bo; load, lod; Mi?mie, Mini; Jones, Jons (Jonz); 
sight, sit; sought, s-awe-t. 

ILLUSTRATION—SI I 59-68. 
69. {a) The following illustrates the three positions on the 
strokes [§ 64, c, d.~\\ 

P R Ish K Ray Chay Lay L 

(b) The following illustrates the method of placing the vowels 
on the strokes, and of placing the strokes above the line for first 
position words, etc. \_\ \ 66, 67.] : 

1 f'X -t_'*-\-o 1 /\ 



eat 


tea pea 


peak keep 

r 


in if 

C J" 


rip 


chip 


* 


1 


t — ^ 


\ 

pip 

1 


kick 


taw 

N 


law Shaw 

Zl_ 


talk 


gnaw 


f 





odd dock rock chock kog 

TO THB STUDENT. 

70. If you have not actually mastered, and are not perfectly 
familiar with the preceding pages of this book, then you are not 
prepared for the exercises which follow, and should turn back at 
once and master each section before leaving it. Do not imagine that 
you can do what no student of shorthand has ever yet succeeded 
in doing, though many have tried — make a success of shorthand 
by passing from one principle to another without remaining with 
it long enough to be able to read words or exercises under the 
principle as readily as if written in common longhand, or with- 
out being able to write the exercises under the principle without 
the slightest hesitation about a single outline or part of an outline. 
Now, I have presented the above to you in very mild language, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 33 

indeed- and as one who has been "throngh the mill," I implore 
y on to weigh well these remarks and apply them to the exercises 
and instructions which follow throughout tins book, as well as to 
the preceding ones. 

71. Direction to Student :-Read the following exercise, 
then copy carefully at least twenty times. 

READING EXERCISE. 



S *Y V (7 L *7 1^~\ 

": — < — y Vs r~ a. 77 

72 Direction to Student: -(a) It is advisable that 
you turn to the chapter in Part II of this book giving ageneral 
rule for using L, Lay, R, and Ray, and become familiar with it as 
soon as possible, as it will prove of some assistance to you in 
future writing exercises; though it is not thought advisable to 
present it in the first part of the book. 

(b) Write the following exercise, correct mistakes, then re- 
write ten times : 

WRITING EXERCISE. 

/ pea, bee, beach, beech, me, eat, tea, eke, key, Eve, fee, eel [see 

; |«1 L^, lea, she [? 24, b\ thee, e'en, knee, sea, neath, gear, 

? ' ; R ) beam, ream [see § 41, «1 meek, deem, tear, (R) tier, deer, 

a reed R 41, b\ wreath, wreathe, reach, team, teem, reek, jeer, 

5. reap, (Ray) peer, (R) beer, veer, (R) fear, peak keep beak, 

6. peel [Hi,<0, Peal, meal, deal, veal, zeal theme leech 
7 leer [Hi, <*]. leak, leek, rear, (Ray-Ray) sheath [§41, g\, 
8. sheathe, sheep, shiek, deep, thief, thieve, teeth, teethe, Keith, 



34 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



g. cheap, peach, cheek, ease, leaf [§ 41, c\ lief, leap, reel, keel, (L) 

10. kneel, (L) peep, teach, league, itch, in, if, ill, pith, 

11. pithy, inch, lynch, myth, mill, limb, dim, ship, nick, Kinney, 

12. rip, (Ray) rim, pip, rib, writ, ridge, rich, rick, pick, kip, Jill, 

13. gill, kick, kith, thick, dig, rig, tick, Kitty, fig, Dick, lick, live, 

14. Jip, niche, nip, nib, big, rich, chip, pitch, ditch, pig, Gip, dip, 
75. tip, pity, Minnie, pill, lip, bill, Libby, Livy, Tim, chick, busy, 
16. chill, chilly, ring, gig, gill, jig, fish, dish, rid, lid, Dill, fib, jib, 
77. ditty, rill, ding, ink, king, kink, chink, pink, imp, limp, miff, 

18. vim, zinc, lily, Jim, gimp, balk, caw, calk, taw, hawk, gawk, 

19. gnaw, saw, law, raw, paw, awl, Paul, pall, maul, awed, chalk, 

20. talk, tall, laud, shawl, pshaw, Shaw, aught, wrought, thaw, 

21. Gaul, daub, odd, off, dock, notch, doll, lop, loll, knob, cop, rob, 

22. rot, rod, Roth, romp, wrong, gong, mock, knock, chock, rock, 

23. bock, cob, chop, botch, dodge, mop, bog, gob, dog, mob, job, 

24. bosh, shop, dong, shock, pop, Bob, Tom, top, jog, fob, fop, 

25. fog, log, lock, cog, cock, moth, lodge, knop, pomp, thong. 



CHAPTER V. 

SECOND POSITION VOWELS. 



73. 



I 







u 



Lay Bd's 



bow 



UP 



EXPLANATION. 

74. If the student has carefully read, and is perfectly familiar 
with, the explanations on placing the vowels and outlines, etc., set 
forth in the preceding chapter, he will understand by simple refer- 
ence to the illustrations, all that is not specified in this chapter 
relative to second position vowels. Read \ 64, a, c, d. 



NAMES OF THE VOWELS. 
75. {a) Vowel No. 1, the heavy dot, is pronounced as the 
word "a," or as ate without sounding the t. It is long a. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 35 

(b) Vowel No. 2, the light dot, is pronounced as the word 
"Ed," without sounding the d y or as the first syllable of any, 
throwing the n to the second syllable, a-ny. It is short e. 

(c) Vowel No. 3, the heavy dash, is pronounced as the letter 
"o" in longhand spelling. It is long o. 

(d) Vowel No. 4, the light dash, is pronounced as the word 
"up," without the^, or as the first syllable in utter, throwing the 
sound of t to the second syllable, u-tter. It is the short sound of 
u, and, like all short or light vowels, is a quickly spoken sound. 
Read §63. 

ILLUSTRATIVE SENTENCE. 

76. The following sentence illustrates the sounds of the 
second position vowels in their order: I/ay Bd's bow up. 

(• • ) 

1 

POSITION— PLACING THE STROKES, ETC. 

77. By reference to \ 67, we naturally conclude that the first 
upright or inclined stroke governs the placing of the outline. In 
other words, place the first upright or inclined stroke in the re- 
quired position, and let the other strokes extend as far in any 
direction as the outline requires for its completion. 

78. In writing second position words, let the first upright or 
inclined stroke, if any, rest on the line. If the outline contains 
only horizontal strokes, they should rest on, or very near, the 
line. 

VOWELS BESIDE SECOND STROKE. 

79. When a second position light vowel is to be read between 
two strokes, it must be placed beside the second stroke. 

80. ILLUSTRATION—? § 73-79- 

aid day ache gay bake shame 



\T \r x~ /*- z_ 

bale bell rake wreck check 



36 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



£X 4 — 4- 



neck shoal lore chore roach 



joke jug rogue rug cup 

81. Direction to Student: — («) Read the following 
exercise, then copy twenty tunes. Practice until you can read 
the words as readily as you could if it were longhand print. 
(b) See that you make small, neat, outlines, and that your writing 
is compact and has a neat, artistic appearance. Make the last copy 
just as carefully as the first ; and remember that the writer who 
tries to show off his wonderful skill (?) and special fitness (?) for 
his calling by slamming himself around the table with the air of one 
high in authority, who writes with a dash and a slash, turning the 
leaves of his tablet with a terrific snap — remember that this class 
of writers (and many there are) have never succeeded at short- 
hand. [Read § g 33, ^, 35, and 254] 



READING EXERCISE. 




SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 37 

82. Direction to Student: — Write the following exer- 
cise, correct notes, then re -write at least fifteen times, 

WRITING EXERCISE. 
Pay, ape, bay, Abe, babe, ache, bathe, ate, day, aid, ray, jay, 
age, they, may, aim, fame, knave, say, ace, way, weigh, hay, 
neigh, nay, bake, vagne, fake, nape, came, tame, dame, name, 
game, page, gauge, cape, Jake, cake, cage, faith, maim, 
lay [see \ 22], ale, ail, veil [see \ 41, e\ vale, male, mail, dale, 
pale, pail, bale, bail, tale, tail, jail, laid [see \ 41, c\ lathe, 
layer [see § 41, d\ rage [see \ 41, b\ raid, rate, shake [see \ .41, 
g\ shape, shame, shave, shale [see §41,/"], rake (use Ray) 
rail (L), nail (L), kale (I,), lake (Lay), lame (Lay), ebb, Ed, 

10. etch, edge, egg y ell, elf, beck, check, ledge, jell, deck, neck, 

11. wreck, peg, peck, beg, fetch, wretch, keg, leg (Lay), death, 

12. bell, led, dell, gem, shell, Kell, elk (L), -elm (L), Lem (Lay), 
ij. Mell, red, knell, depth, Elb, ode, owed, ope, Poe, doe, dough, 
14. Joe, show, toe, tow, go, oak, chore (R), roach (Ray), low, oath, 
ij. ore (R), oar, o'er, bow, beau, row (Ray), roe, roar, no, know, 

16. ho, hoe, show, mow, foe, so, folk, choke, coach, joke, coke, 

17. cope, poke, Polk, roam, wrote, rote, tore (R), road, rode, 

18. door (R), rogue, Tobe, Job, coal (L), shore, rope (Ray), 

19. pore (R), pour, robe (Ray), bore (R), lore, lower, roll (L), role, 

20. both, mope, Pope, lope, pole, poll, poach, lobe, bowl, boll, 

21. shoal, jowl, mole, loam (Lay), dome, dole, load, toll, vogue, 

22. comb, loaf, foam, four (R), fore, loth, loathe, knoll (L), Up, 

23. tuck, Puck, cup, tug, muck, duck, dug, rug (Ray), chuck, 

24. chunk, nudge, chum, luck, love, luck, fudge, bug, budge, 

25. buck, cub, mum, fur (R), shuck, shove, muff, judge, jug, mush, 

26. gush, rush, touch, thumb, bum, bomb, numb, dumb, tongue, 

27. lung (L), lunch (L), dull, lull, pug, null (L), Dutch, pup, tub, 

28. gum, mug, lug (Lay), gull (L), lurch (Ray), lurk (R), monk, 

29. rung (Ray), wrung, dump, pump, jump, lump, thump, gump, 
jo. purr (R), bump, bunk, rub (Ray), bung, tush (Shay), junk, 
ji. rum, myrrh, mull, burr (R). 



38 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



83. 



CHAPTER VI. 

THIRD POSITION VOWELS. 



Ah 



Was 



that 



00 _ 



00 



food 



cooked? 



NAMES OF THE VOWELS. 

84. (a) Vowel No. i, the heavy dot, is pronounced as the 
word "ah." Called Italian a. 

(b) Vowel No. 2, the light dot, is pronounced as the word "at" 
without the t, or as the first syllable of Adam, throwing the d to 
the second syllable, A-dam. It is short a. 

(c) Vowel No. 3, the heavy dash, is pronounced as the word 
"too," without the t, and is called "longoo" [long double-o). 

(d) Vowel No. 4, the light dash, is pronounced as the exclam- 
ation " ugh,'* or as the sound of oo heard in nook, took, or u in 
pull, push, etc. 

ILLUSTRATIVE SENTENCE. 

85. The following sentence illustrates the sounds of the third 
position vowels in their order: Was that food cooked? 



(< 






VOWELS BESIDE SECOND STROKE. 
86. All the third position vowels are placed as are the second 
position light vowels, that is, they are written beside the second 
stroke when they are to be read between two strokes. 



PLACING THIRD POSITION STROKES. 

87. As has been said [%77], the first upright or inclined 
stroke governs the placing of the outline. For outlines in the 
third position, the upright or inclined stroke must cross the line; 
if the word contains only horizontal strokes, they must be written 
just under, but not touching, the line. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 39 

88. ILLUSTRATION— \ \ 84, 87. 



V 



pa ma farm add cash 

y -= V- 



— zr - — 

rare gag woo poor push 

89. Direction to Student: — Read the following exercise* 
then copy it twenty-five times. Do not leave it until you can read 
it as readily as if it were longhand. 

READING EXERCISE. 

-A A A ,; V-, \_ U "V 




90. Direction to Student:— Write the following once, 
correct errors, then re- write twenty times. Read what is said in 
Introduction about vowels. 

WRITING EXERCISE. 

i. Pa, baa, ma, ha-ha, par (R), bar (R), far (R), Arp(R), mar [§41, d], 

2. 

3 

4> 

5 

6 

7 
8, 



jar (R), char (R), balm, palm, calm, ark (R), lark, larch, farm, 
arch, march, add, at, lad, rack (Ray), wrack, ask, asp, gag, 
rag (Ray), jag, Jack, cam, Mack, ash, mash, sham, knack, 
back, cab, pack, cap, cash, tack, attack, thatch, lack (Lay), 
fair (R), nag, rat, tear (R), tare, rare (Ray-Ray), catch, 
bare (R), bear, rap (Ray), wrap, pare (R), pear, pair, 
lam (Lay), lamb, rang (Ray), chap, patch, batch, gang, bang, 
bank, tank, rank (Ray), latch, lap, pal, tag, fag, fang, lash, 
10. shank, match, map, tab, tag, bag, gab, gnash, jab, badge, lag, 
//. nap, lamp (Lay), camp, damp, vamp, rash (Ray), gash, shag, 



4-0 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

12. path, pang, dash (Shay), dam, coo, tooth, woo, loop, pool, 
/j. poop, doom, room, tomb, booth, move, root, tour (R), rude, 
14. rood, ooze, tool, roup (Ray), poor (R), loom (Lay), boom, 
75. Ruth, pooh, coop, push, book, look, pull, bush, nook, took, 
16. cook, rook (Ray), cush, shook. 

SUMMARY— RULB FOR PLACING THE VOWELS. 

91. After studying the three chapters on vowels, we deduce 
the following : (a) When a vowel is read between two strokes, it 
is placed after the first stroke if it is a first position vowel or a 
second position heavy vowel ; it is placed before the second stroke 
if it is a second position light vowel or a third position vowel. 
(b) If two vowels occur between two strokes, the rule is dis- 
regarded, and one vowel placed beside each stroke. 

92. The following diagram illustrates the above rule, show- 
ing all the twelve vowels placed between two strokes and beside 
which stroke they would be placed singly when used in the writ- 
ing of words : 

ILLUSTRATION— \ 91, a. 




93, Direction to Student: — Practice the following list 
until you can write it as readily when read to you out of the order 
shown as when read in it. 

WRITING EXERCISE— ONE, TWO, THREE. 
7. Pea, pay, Pa ; raw, row, rue ; law, low, Lou ; me, may, ma ; 

2. Paul, pole, pool ; tall, toll, tool ; bock, buck, book; pick, peck, 

3. pack; Nick, neck, knack; lock, luck, look; Dick, deck, tack; 

4. rick, wreck, rack ; rid, red, rat ; cop, cup, coop ; pig, peg, bag; 

5. lick, leg, lag ; lid, led, lad ; beak, bake, balm ; leak, lake, 

6. palm; mock, muck, nook; meek, tape, arm; jog, jug, push; 

7. shock, shuck, shook ; rob, rub, rook ; keep, cape, calm ; 

8. chick, check, chap ; top, tub, bush ; leap, lope, lap ; pith, both* 

9. path ; rot, rut, rat ; kick, cake, cook ; fig, fake, fag ; peer, 

10. pore, poor ; fish, mush, mash ; leaf, loaf, laugh ; sheep, shape, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



41 



11. nap; fop, shake, shook; meal, mail, pool; mill, mole, book; 

12. rim, rum, ram; tip, tape, tap; ream, roam, room; chalk, 
/j. choke, lack ; cheek, nudge, badge ; tier, door, move ; gig, 
14. coke, gag. 



CHAPTER VII. 

TWO SYLLABLES— DIPHTHONGS. 

94. We have seen from preceding chapters that the position 
of words is governed by the vowels, but as yet w T e have only dealt 
with monosyllabic words. If a word having more than one syl- 
lable contains vowels which belong in different positions, that is, 
one belonging to the group of first place vowels, another to the 
second or third, etc., then it is the vowel contained in the accented 
syllable, or the syllable which is spoken with the greatest force 
or stress of voice, which governs the position of the outline. 
Almost every word in the English language, of more than one 
syllable, contains one syllable which has a decided accent, and 
with a little practice, the student will have no difficulty in readily 
detecting the accented syllable. 



95. 



ILLUSTRATION— § 94. 



ZL 



J_ 



Katie 



Annie 



Leila 



decay 



ruby 



96. DIPHTHONGS. 
CLOSE. 


OPEN. 


A 


01 


V 


1 


< 


E 1 














< 


aT 


> 


01 


A 


;0W 


< 


EW 






> 


00T 



EXPLANATION — NAMES. 

97. (a) Diphthong No. 1 is pronounced as oi in oil, toil, 
decoy, etc. Reference to the upright bars will show positions of 
all the diphthongs. (Scale above about twice natural size.) 



42 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

(b) Diphthong No. 2 is pronounced as ow in owl, cow, frown y 
or cw in <?#/, pout, etc. 

(V) Diphthong No. 3 is pronounced as the word "I," and is 
used in all such words as like, write, sight, scythe, etc. 

(d) Diphthong No. 4 is pronounced as the word "you," or 
as ew in pew, chew, dew, or as u in due, dupe, July, etc. In com- 
bination with some consonants, this sound very closely resembles 
the sound of long do. When this is the case it is not of great im- 
portance, for practical purposes, to discriminate between them. 

(e) Diphthong No. 5 is pronounced as eiin the word "deity," 
or as a quick utterance of long e and short %. This and the three 
following are called " open diphthongs,* ' for very evident reasons. 
They are used to obviate the necessity of writing two vowels after 
one stroke in certain words. 

(f) Diphthong No. 6 is pronounced as ai in the word "laity." 
It may be used, not only for ai, but for ae, as in payee, or for any 
similar sound. 

(g) Diphthong No. 7 is pronounced as oi (oy) in snowy. It 
may be used for all similar sounds, such as are heard in Owen, 
Noah, etc. Some authors give special signs for the sounds heard 
in these two words, but for all practical purposes this is wholly 
unnecessary, and serves only to confuse the learner. 

(h) Diphthong No. 8 is pronounced as oui (56-i) heard in 
Louis, being simply a quick utterance of the third position heavy 
dash and the first position light dot. It may also be used for all 
similar sounds, such as ew-i, ew-e, ew-a, etc., as heard in such 
words as dewey, jewel, duel, dual, Suez, etc. 

(i) It will be noticed that the open diphthongs are only quick 
utterances of two simple vowels in succession, and that the first 
vowel sound heard in them is a heavy dot, or dash, vowel, and 
also that these open diphthongs occupy the same positions beside 
the strokes that their first vowel sounds have in the simple vowel 
scale. This will aid the student in memorizing them. 

(j) Whenever it is possible, diphthongs should be joined to 
the strokes, as it facilitates speed. See illustration and reading 
exercise. 



SHORTHAND SI UNIFIED. 
98. ILLUSTRATION— \ 97 \ &j- 



43 



r 



die 



chime 



knife 



oil 



toil 



^ — i- 



pew 



^ 



dew 



Cuba 



A 

gouge I,ouie Owen 



mule 



II 



laity 



VOW 

< 



Deity 



99. Direction to Student : — Read the following exercise, 
then copy twenty times. Practice reading also until you can read 
it in thirty -seven seconds. 



READING EXERCISE. 



s\ > 



■fr 



'<&-+ 



<e- 



\*. 



.L 



-^~ 



t£± 



i 



^ 



V" 



_£. 



fer 



-W 



^ 



L O ^ ^ \ V A ' } 






V 



V V 



rr a 



44 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 




100. Direction to Student: — Write Exercises 101 and 
102, after correction, until you can write them in seven minutes, 
and make good, legible notes. Don't forget to make small out- 
lines. 

101. WRITING EXERCISE — TWO SYLLABLES. 

/. Anna, Allie, Amy, Mamie, Edna, Annie, Nettie, Ada, Addie, 

2. Effie, Norah, Lonnie, Dora, Rhoda, Nannie, Hannah, Mary, 

j. Bona, Daisy, Eva, Asa, Cora, Carrie, Edith, Lizzie, Alma, 

4. Alvah, Ruby, Jessie, Adam, Bessie, Hattie, Laura, Loma, 

5. Mattie, Delia, Jennie, Johnny, Janie, Lottie, Bettie, Ezra, 

6. Enoch, Fanny, Elam, Donnie, Lena, Libbie, Gussie, Minnie, 

7. Molly, Milly, Hallie, Lola, Lily, Leila, Lucy, Lula, Baily, 

8. Katie, Rosa, Emma, Dollie, Olive, Octa, Otho, Rena, Patty, 
p. Kittie, Tennie, Jonah, Jerry, Harry, Esau, Jacob, Lacy, Joel, 

10. Joab, cherry, cheery, ferry, dairy, bouquet, depot, repay, 

11. obey, opaque, decay, abbey, echo, below, shallow, hollow, 

12. mellow, guinea, gaudy, pigmy, haughty, hurry, hurrah, hero, 

13. Erie, halo, hello, alto, tallow, coffee, ashy, berry, airy, 

14. mummy, allay, arrow, eighty, folly, chilly, lassie, lessee, 
13. lasso, narrow, gauzy, alum, polish, fuzzy, fussy, dizzy, racy, 

16. rosy, hazy, mossy, volley, ruddy, morrow, rally, delay, ready, 

17. shady, bob-tail, unto, funny, fairy, Shelly, sherry, mealy, 

18. marry, moody, tarry, galley, gaily, needy, puppy, minnow, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 45 

ig. jabby, shabby, rainy, money, fellow, billow, bellow, lady, 

20. laddie, package, navy, taffy, putty, shadow, meadow, many, 

21. lucky, merry, jockey, elbow, elope, shaggy, cafe, jelly, jolly, 

22. valley, chimney, attack, lobby, mazy, bushy, gulley, pulley, 

23. toney, knotty, lofty, petty, bevy, thorough, marrow, jumbo, 

24. embay, borrow, bamboo, bombic, embalm, ambush, impeach, 

25. empale, shampoo, monkey, inky, jetty. 

102. WRITING EXERCISE— DIPHTHONGS. 

/. Isle, aisle, nigh, lie, tie, rye, wry (Ray), awry (R), thigh, tile> 

2. die, pie, Guy, bile, sigh, ice, eyes, dial, China, shy, life, alive, 

j. mighty, defy, chime, piracy, tire, pipe, type, mile, Nile, dike, 

4. tiny, July, file, vile, fire, fiery, fife, writhe, Fido, dire, tidy, 

5. shiny, tithe, guile, pile, liar, lyre, by-way, viol, mire, buy, 

6. rite, write, right, aright, like, alike, lime, pike, Ely, Myra, 

7. Ida, Idaho, Dinah, diary (Ray), imbibe, ivy, vie, dime, pious, 

8. fie, bias, Lila, knife, Isaac, Ike, rhyme, thyme, hie, Eliza, 
o. piety, abide, fiat, rarefy, EHsha, Elias, Elijah, Zion, attire; 

10. owl, bow, cowl, vow, vouch, cow, row 7 , chow-chow, avow, 

11. avowed, pouty, gouty, out, allow, allowed, loud, aloud, couch, 

12. howdy, vowel, rout, mouth, gouge, rowdy, shower, bower, 
/j. tower, pow-wow, Gowdy, pouch, mow, Powell, fowl, foul, How- 
14. ell [see 91,^]; pew, juicy, duty, mule, mulish, Hugh, hue, 
75. duke, fume, view, review, cue, due, dew, dupe, mew, chew, 
16. adieu, gnu, Jew, jury, eschew, July, Jehu, duly, lure, I^uke, 
ij. askew, Cuba, cube, cubic, fury, tube, bureau, Beulah, beauty, 

18. imbue, Eulah, sue, purity, purify, occupy, renew, rebuke, 

19. puny, juror, furor; annoy, oil, boy, toy, joy, enjoy, decoy, 

20. toil, boil, doily, toiler, boiler, alloy, Doyle, foil, voyage, coil, 

21. roil, envoy, loyal, loyalty, joyous, royal, royalty, noisy, 

22. boyish, coyish [91, b]\ Owen, Owenby, boa, Noah, doughy, 

23. showy, payee, laity, gaiety, deity, Louie, dewey, annuity, 

24. duel, fuel, dual, Jewish, jewel. 



46 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

CHAPTER VIII. 

CIRCLES. 

REMARKS TO THE STUDENT. 

103. With Chapter VII was concluded explanations of the 
consonants and vowels. With the knowledge gained thus far, you 
are able to write a shorthand outline for any word in the English 
language. But it is evident that the outlines you are now able to 
make are not adequate for recording the rapid utterances which 
fall from the lips of a speaker. They would not enable you to 
write at a rate of speed much greater than", if as great as, common 
longhand. We will from now on, chapter by chapter, learn ab- 
breviating principles which will shorten the method we now have 
of outlining certain words. I say " certain " words, because the 
words which have been presented to you in previous chapters are 
in their briefest forms, and you will always write them as you 
have thus far done. The same is true of all words in every exer- 
cise throughout this book. Many authors commit the " unpardon- 
able sin" of having the student write words the principles 
governing the formation of the briefest outlines of which have 
not been studied. The consequence is that the student is con- 
stantly compelled to unlearn and unfamiliarize the forms 
which he learned early in his study, and he never knows whether 
he is studying for temporary or for permanent use. The exercises 
in this work have been made very copious and complete; for 
almost every word in the language which can be written according 
to a given principle, has been presented under that principle. 
Hence the student, in his early practice, should confine himself 
to the words contained in the exercises, unless otherwise directed 
by his teacher. 

CIRCLE AT BEGINNING. 

104. (a) A small circle, called "Iss," at the beginning of a 
stroke is read before the stroke or any of the vowels beside it. 
(b) This circle is a brief form for s and z y but is not used for z at 
the beginning of a word, because z at the beginning never has the 
sound of s % 

RULE. 

105. It naturally follows that : (a) When s begins a word, 
we should represent it by a circle on the beginning of the follow- 
ing consonant stroke, subject to the following exceptions: 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 47 

(b) If s is preceded by a vowel at the beginning of a word, the 
stroke >S must be used. 

(c) If z begins a word the stroke Z must be used. 

(d) If two vowels come between an initial s and the following 
consonant-stroke, the circle is not used. Whenever possible, only- 
one vowel should be placed beside each stroke. [§91, b~] 

(e) Of course if 5 is the only consonant in a word the stroke 6 1 
must be used. 

106. ILLUSTRATION— \\ 104; 105, a-e\ 106, a, 5. 

(a) 



•\ 1 s -r 1 



^T^ 



seep seat such sowed soda snow smoke 



L_ N U 



spike spoil seen ask espy assume 



y l y 



1 



zeal scion sigh essay 



(b) CONTRAST— I \ 104 ; 105, a-e. 



r »c f f c\ A. 



oil soil lay slay leave sleeve 

• I «p IV pv \» 

I M f ^. ^. -r y- 
■ ! 1 1 — - — 

eat seat tie sty Andy sandy seal zeal 

sa ck ask spy espy sign scion 



48 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

WHERE WRITTEN. 

107. (a) The following simple illustration may serve to im. 
press upon you the fact that the circle is always made in the same 
direction on straight strokes, regardless of the direction of the 
strokes.- This direction is the opposite of that in which the hands 
of a watch move, and determines which side of the stroke the 
circle should be written on. 




{b) The circle is written on the concave side of all curves. 

(c) All the above remarks apply to the end, as well as to the 
beginning, of all strokes. 

(d) If the circle is to be written between straight strokes in 
different directions, it is written outside the angle, regardless of 
the above remarks. 

HOW TO MAKE THE CIRCLES. 

108. It is highly important that the strictest attention be 
paid to every detail in writing outlines. What may seem to you 
of no value, may prove to be of the greatest importance. As re- 
gards the circle, it is important to begin forming it at the right 
point, and also to make it in the right shape. It should be begun 
at a point through which the stroke will pass when made, in order 
that the stroke itself may form one side of the circle, and in order 
that you will not have to retrace any part of it. Make the circle 
round, not oblong. To do this it is well to remember to start off 
at right angles with the stroke. Imagine the circle a small 
square, with the corners rounded off, and begin exactly as if you 
were going to make a square with the stroke for one side. 

ILLUSTRATION— § 108. 

sPs sFs sLs 

NOMENCLATURE. 

109. (a) It is of great importance that the names of outlines be 
pronounced correctly, because the names of the strokes or out- 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 49 

lines, when properly called, very closely resemble the pronun- 
ciation of the words themselves. This is important because, in 
return, the words, themselves, are suggestive of their outlines. 

(b) It would naturally follow, then, that the blending, or run- 
ning together, of the consonants in calling the outlines should, as 
far as is consistent, be like that of the words which the outlines 
represent. 

110. It sometimes happens that only one stroke is required 
to write a word of two syllables, and it frequently happens that it 
requires two strokes to write a word of one syllable. But the 
general rule for calling outlines (and this is important) is to pro- 
nounce each stroke in but one syllable, regardless of how many 
circles, hooks, etc., may be attached to the stroke. The name 
"Way" suggests the words we, woe, and woo, and is identical 
with the word way. Then for the word sway and other similar 
ones, we should also have an outline pronounced in one syllable. 
The name of this outline is '"Sway," which happens, not only to 
be suggestive of, but to exactly name, the word sway. Also, if 
there is a circle at both ends of the stroke Way y it is pronounced 
"Sways," which suggests the words sways, and swiss, which this 
outline writes. 

111. (a) In the nomenclature in this book, however, the 
letters which represent the stroke parts of the outlines will be 
printed in capitals, as "sWays," "sPees," or "sPs," "sBs," etc. 
(b) Remember: only one syllable for one stroke whenever prac- 
ticable. But when not practicable, that part which is to be pro- 
nounced in a separate syllable, will be printed in italics. 

112. Direction to Student: — Write the following words 
with the greatest care. After correcting, re-write twelve times. 
Don't let the circles on straight strokes cause you to make the 
strokes curved. Practice calling the names of the outlines with 
the aid of your teacher until you can do so without any hesitation, 

WRITING EXERCISE — INITIAL "ISS." 

/. Sop, sob, set, said, soap, sight, cite, sap, spy, sty, sup, sip, 

2. seep, sod, seed, sawed, sowed, soda, sit, sag, seat, sat, soot, 

j. soothe, seem, seam, sad, seen, scene, sown, snow, snowy, sane, 

4. seine, sun, son, soon, sinew, snap, snipe, snub, sung, sang, sank, 

5. sunk, snag, snug, sign, sum, some, Sam, sauce [see \ 115], 



50 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

6. cease, size, seize, seek, sick, sake, soak, sack, sago, seer, such, 

7. siege, sage, sash, soar, sore, sower, seethe, sour, scythe, sire, 

8. sir, swa} r , seal, ceil, sail, sale, slay, sleigh, slow, sole, soul, 
p. sill, silly, sully, sally, Saul, slaw, sling, slung, slang, sly, soil, 

10. stay, safe, sofa, safety, save, savage, sieve, sorry, sorrow, seas, 

11. (add Iss to sea), spike, spear, sparrow, spake, spoke, spoil, 

12. spell, spill, spool, survey, serge, surge, surrey, spire, swim, 
ij. swallow, swell, swum, swam, slower, social, socially, solve, 
14. slack, silk; slick, slash, sulky, slush, snake, sneek, sanity, 
75*. snag, smoke, smack, skip, simile, small, smell, sleep, sleepy, 
16. sledge, slop, slope, slab, saliva, sallow, Sunday, sandy, sing, 
ij, sink, sniff, snuff, psalm, skip, skim, Sambo, swamp, sample, 

18. scheme, scum, succumb, scoop, Scotch, scamp, sphere, sap- 

19. phire, suffer, savor, severe, solemn, sulk, slayer, slab, slime, 

20. slimy, slim, slum, slam, smile. 

FINAI, "iss" — RULE. 

113. When the sound of s or z ends a word, it is represented 
by the small circle Iss on the end of the preceding consonant 
stroke. 

EXCEPTIONS. 

114. If two vowels come between a final 5 and the preceding 
stroke, then the stroke ,S must be used and the word vocalized as 
set forth in \ 91, b. 

115. (a) Sometimes, when a word is composed of only s or z 
sounds, as size, seize, cease, sauce, etc., we must violate one or the 
other of the rules for the use of the circle. In such cases it is best 
not to anticipate, but to apply rules as they come. In other words 
write "sS " for sauce, cease, etc., since s begins the word, and you 
are to write the beginning first. S also ends this word, but we 
can not apply the rule at both ends, (b) It is generally best, how- 
ever, to add Iss to the singular forms of words, so as to preserve 
analogy, as £ for sea, sow, sigh, and 65 for seas, sows, sighs, etc., 
while seize, and size are best outlined in accordance with a above. 

116. ILLUSTRATION— H "3, IJ 4. 

\ v r r <r _ /. 

peas pays toys joys rejoice gaze rays 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 5 1 

{ X A ^ A / i 

adds buzz James pious rosy Jessie daisy 

buss 

117. Direction to Student : — Read the following exercise, 
then copy from the book twenty times. See that you can call the 
names of the outlines properly. 

READING EXERCISE — FINAL "iSS." 



-t 



\T 



-fcH 



. • fr 



*. . .-.«j3lli L , j — . ... ,i » . , ,ai_Tu* -P- ■ f<U!»^ c _ ... . 



^ - ^— < £> N ^ 



/ V> 



^' 4 ^ c r ^3 >r ^ 

A- _ ^ ^ V. 



/ ^^ n , 

118. Direction to Student: — The following should be 
written once, corrected, then re- written at least ten times ; but the 
better plan would be to write in sections, say of five lines at a time, 
or as much as your teacher deems advisable. 

WRITING EXERCISE — FINAL "iSS." 

/. Pause, paws, peas, pies, piece, peace, appease, poise, pays, 

2. pace, pass, pews, pose, oppose, picks, peaks, peeks, pikes, 

j. pecks, pokes, packs, pigs, pugs, pegs, pipes, pops, pups, pales, 

4. pails, poles, pulls, pulleys, pills, palls, piles, pools, police, 



52 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

5. peers, piers, pyres, pears, pairs, pares, pores, pours, pitches, 

6. patches, pushes, pages, pumps ; bees, beaux, bows, bass, base, 

7. abase, bays, boss, boys, buys, buss, buzz, obeys, abuse, abyss, 

8. abbess, bodice, beauties, balls, bowls, bolls, bellows, bills, 

9. biles, boils, box, books, backs, bakes, beaks, begs, bags, bogs, 
ro. bugs, beams, booms, bums, bombs, bumps, baths, bathes, 
//. booths, bangs, bungs ; toys, teas, tease, ties, toes, tows, taws, 

12. oats, eights, teams, teems, items, atoms, autumns, tombs, 

13. tames, tires, attires, tiers, tears, towers, tours, teaches, touches, 

14. tips, tops, taps, tabs, tubs, tubes, tapes, types, ticks, tacks, 
13. attacks, tax, tucks, tugs, tags, tools, tolls, tiles, tales, tails, toils, 
16. tallies, atlas, Thomas, tongues, tanks, tongs ; dies, dice, adds, 
1 j. adz, days, does, dues, deuce, doze, dose, daze, dews, dimes, 
18. dames, dims, domes, dummies, demise, dams, dulls, doles, 
/p. dales, delays, dolls, deals, dells, dailies, dallies, dials, duels, 

20. duties, advise, advice, devise, device, diffuse, deface, defies, 

21. depose, depots, daubs, dips, dupes, depths, deaths, dogs, digs, 

22. ditches, Duchess, dodges, adages, dashes, dishes, Dukes, 

23. docks, ducks, decks, decoys, decays, dykes ; chose, choose, 

24. chews, chase, choice, cheese, chess, itches, etches, checks, 

25. chicks, chips, chaps, chops, cheeps, chums, chimes, cherries, 

26. champs, Chinese ; joys, juice, Jews, Joe's, Jess, ages, edges, 

27. gibes, jobs, jeers, juries, jigs, jugs, jogs, jags, jams, James, 

28. gems, jokes, jocose, jockeys, jails, gills, jewels, jowles, jellies, 
2g. joyless, jumps ; keys, ekes, caws, aches, ax, ox, cows, coos, 

30. echoes, case, cues, cause, kiss, catches, coaches, cages, Carry's, 

31. curries, carouse, chorus, coax, cooks, cakes, kicks, kegs, cogs, 

32. cups, keeps, caps, capes, copes, coops, cobs, cubs, cabs, calms, 

33. combs, cashes, kings; geese, goose, guess, gaze, gauze, 

34. guise, goes, gas, eggs, games, gums, gauges, gouges, gullies, 
33. Gauls, gales, gulls, gills, goddess, gigs, gags, gaps, gapes, 

36. gangs, gongs ; hies, hiss, hose, hoes, hays, haze, hues, 

37. Hughes, house, hews, heroes, hurries, harrass, Harris, hollows, 

38. halos, Hades, Hattie's; rice, rise, raise, rays, raze, race, rose, 

39. rows, roes, ruse, rouse, rows, rips, raps, wraps, repays, reaps, 

40. ropes, repose, rubs, ribs, robs, robes, rubies, rats, roots, rates, 

41. ruts, rots, writs, rites, writes, rights, wrights, routs, routes, 

42. rids, rides, raids, roads, roods, rods, reeds, reduce, rakes, ricks, 

43. racks, rocks, rooks, reeks, wreaks, wrecks, rugs, rags, rigs, 

44. reaches, roaches, wretches, riches, rejoice, urges, earth's, 

45. rushes, rolls, roles, rails, rills, reels, roils, riles, relies, relays, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 53 

46. release ; face, phase, fays, office, fees, foes, efface, fuse, fuss, 

47. fuzz, fops, fibs, fobs, fox, fix, fakes, folks, focus, figs, fags, fogs, 

48. foams, fumes, foils, files, fuels, follies, fellows, fares, fairs, 

49. fairies, furies, fears, fires, fierce, force, firs, furs, fiats, fishes, 
jo. fangs; vice, voice, vase, views, vows, avows, vies, veils, vales, 
j/. vails, vials, viola, valleys, volleys, Venice, Venus, vinous, 
52. veinous, vicious, various, varies, veers ; eras, arise, arose, 

33. arrows, arouse, erase, oars, ores, ears, hours, ewers, airs, heirs, 

34. roams, reams, rims, rams, rhymes, rooms, remiss, arms, arcs, 
33. arks, argues, Argus, errors ; wise, ways, woes, woos, weighs, 
5(5. awakes, awaits; thaws, thighs, themes, thumbs, theories, 

37. theorize, thumps ; assess, essays, aces, Asa's, Esau's, assize, 

38. oasis, Isis, uses, asps, seas, espies, espouse, eschews, assumes, 

39. iciness, science; eases, oozes, zealous, Zion's, Ezra's; laws, 

60. loss, leas, lease, lays, ails, lace, less, else, lose, loose, lies, 

61. Alice, allays, alloys, allows, lows, aloes, oils, isles, aisles, eels, 

62. ills, awls, owls, lass, alas, Ellis, elms, limbs, limes, looms, 

63. lambs, lamps, limps, lumps, elks, likes, lacks, lax, licks, looks, 

64. locks, leeks, leaks, lakes, lags, lugs, logs, legs, laps, lapse, lips, 
63. loops, lops, lopes, lobes, lattice, lettuce, ladies, alludes, 

66. latches, ledges, alleges, lodges, elegies, lulls, lolls, lilies, lathes, 

67. laths, loves, laves, leaves, lives, levies, levees, loafs, laughs, 

68. liars, layers, lowers, lures, allures, lashes, luscious, Lena's, 

69. lungs, links, lynx ; yes, yews, ewes ; shows, shoes, ashes, 

70. chaise, shies, shames, shams, shadows, shaves, sheaves, shoves, 

71. sheathes, shampoos, shoals, shawls, shells, shops, shakes, 

72. shucks, shags; miss, mice, mouse, muse, mews, aims, alms, 

73. moss, mass, amass, amuse, amiss, mess, mows, mace, maize, 

74. maze, amaze, Amos, Emma's, morose, marries, Mary's, Myra's, 
73. memories, memorize, mirrors, maims, miles, mulls, meals, 

76. mails, males, mules, mauls, moles, mills, maps, mopes, mops, 

77. mobs, matches, meadows, mocks, mix, mugs, moves, muffs, 

78. moths, Matthew's, myths, meshes, mashes, menace, minnows, 

79. minus, menus, mumps, impose, imbues, emboss, embays, imps, 

80. ambitious, embassies, Empress, embalms, imbibes; nice, 

81. noise, niece, nows, knows, annoys, knees, inns, Ann's, nays, 

82. neighs, Enos, nooks, knocks, noxious, entice, induce, endues, 

83. endows, notice, nips, naps, nobs, nibs, invoice, novice, envoys, 

84. envies, inveighs, naves, knaves, knives, infuse, nails, knolls, 

85. kneels, knells, notches, nitches, Natchez, nudges, gnashes, 

86. encase, uncase, nags, necks ; inks, anxious, unctious. 



54 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

119. -WRITING EXERCISE- CONTRAST. 

/. Rose, rosy; haze, hazy ; pose, posy ; puss, pussy ; moss, mossy; 
2. days, daisy ; race, racy ; mess, messy ; bees, busy ; gas, gassy ; 

gauze, gauzy ; Jess, Jessie ; juice, juic}^ ; fuss, fussy; fuzz, fuzzy; 

lies, Lizzie ; loose, I^ucy ; lace, Lacy ; lays, lazy ; Ely's, Bliza; 

5. less, lessee ; lass, lassie ; maze, mazy ; noise, noisy ; knees, 

6. uneasy ; awls, also ; spy, espy ; sap, asp ; sop, iEjsop ; sack, ask; 
sail, assail ; sleep, asleep ; spouse, espouse ; sense, essence; 
sum, assume; set, asset; such, eschew; sorrow, zero; 
sink, zinc; sinew, assignee; suffice, ossifies; Sarah, Ezra; 

10. seal, zeal ; slime, asylum ; sullies, useless ; size, assize ; scheme, 

11. Eskimo; sty, Estey; silly, easily ; buys, bias; pies, pious; 

12. signs, science; scenes, seance; case, chaos; dies, Diaz; 
ij. odds, Odyssey. 

"SES" CIRCLES. 

120. When two s or z sounds occur together at the begin- 
ning, middle, or end of a word, a large circle called "Ses" (pro- 
nounced says) represents the two sounds. It is used for such 
frequently occurring syllables as are contained in the words laces, 
iMses, spices, chooses, Jesus, system, Sussex, Mississippi, Texas 
(Teksas), etc. 

121. A vowel or diphthong may be placed inside the Ses cir- 
cle to vocalize it, though in the case of ordinary, familiar words 
it will rarely be found necessary. 

"ISS" ADDED TO ''SES." 

122. To an outline ending in Ses, a third s or z sound may be 
added by extending the last part of the Ses circle through the 
stroke and closing it up so as to form a small circle on the opposite 
side of the stroke. 

NOMENCLATURE. 

123. It is evident that Ses can not be pronounced in the 
same syllable with the stroke on which it is written. Happily, 
however, our system of shorthand is a scientific one ; and in this 
case, as in nearly every other case, the outlines remain suggestive 
of the words they represent. Notice how suggestive the name 
il ~Peeses" or "?ses" is of the words pieces, paces, passes, poses, 
etc.; the outline "Lays<?V of laces, losses, looses, etc.; the outline 
"Ray-Js^," of rejoices, and so on with almost all of them. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 55 

124. ILLUSTRATION— \\ 120-122. 



i ^ <*, 4. 



ff> ^ f> 



faces possess possesses diseases Sussex 

125. Direction to Student: — Copy the following exercise 
twenty-five times, 

READING EXERCISE — "SES" CIRCLES. 

-^fer — 1 — 



126. Direction to Student: — Write the following, cor- 
rect, then re- write twenty times* 

WRITING EXERCISE — "SES" CIRCLES. 

1. Possess, poses, supposes,- pieces, appeases, poises, pauses, 

2. paces, passes, spices, spaces, spouses ; basis, bases, bosses, 

3. buzzes, abuses, abscess ; tosses, teases, atlases, Texas, taxes ; 

4. disease, dozes, doses, dazes, adduces, deduces, deposes, diffuses, 

5. defaces, devices, devises, advices, advises, demises ; chases, 

6. choices, chooses ; Jesus, juices, jealousies ; cases, causes, 

7. kisses, axis, axes, access, excess, success, accuses, caresses, 

8. carouses, choruses, exercise; guesses, gazes, gauzes, goose's, 

9. gasses, guises ; hisses, houses ; recess, rises, races, roses, 

10. reposes, surpasses, refuses, surfaces, revises, ruses, rejoices; 
//. faces, phases, fuses, effaces, offices, suffuses, suffices, fallacies; 

12. vices, voices, vases ; arises, erases, irises, arouses, circuses ; 

13. thesis ; assises, assesses ; laces, losses, loses, looses, leases, 

14. lasses; chaises; Moses, mosses, masses, amasses, misses, 
75. muses, amuses, mazes, amazes, molasses, memorizes, amaurosis, 
16. messes; imposes, embosses; nieces, noses, noises, notices, 



56 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

17. entices, infuses, invoices; suspicious, cess-pool, systole, 

18. systyle, systolic, sausage, Sussex, Cicero, Caesar, saucer, 
ig. scissors, Sosthenes, Sicily, schism, sesame, season, seizin, 

20. Sasin ; possesses, abscesses, excesses, recesses, successes, 

21. diseases, exercises. 



INITIAL AND FINAL CIRCLES. 

127. Direction to Student :— Copy twenty times. Pay 
strict attention to the nomenclature. 



READING EXERCISE. 

P *— -^ '0- "> (? 00 

b ^Ts r> 



— — — ■ a—s-nzz*— 2^ 



128. Direction to Student :— Write the following exer- 
cise, correct, and re- write, by sections, fifteen times. 

WRITING EXERCISE. 

1. Spies, spice, spices, seeps, space, spaces, spouse, spouses, sips, 

2. soaps, saps, soups, sups, suppose, supposes, spoils, spells, 

3. spools, spikes, specks, spokes, sapless, sparrows, spires, spares, 

4. spears, spores ; sobs, subdues, Sabbaths; stays, sits, cities, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 57 

5. seats, sates, cites, sites, sights, suits, stews, stows, sties, sets, 

6. sightless ; seeds, sides, sods, suds, seedless ; sieges, sages ; 

7. soaks, sacks, seeks, socks, sakes, skies, skips, scoops, skims, 

8. schemes, scums, succumbs, sickness, scotches, success, Sussex, 
g. scamps, skimps ; sags ; sorrows, Sarah's, serges, surges, 

10. service, services, surveys, surreys ; safes, sofas, suffice, suffices, 

11. suffuse, suffuses, Cephas, sapphires, spheres, suffers ; saves, 

12. sieves, Savoys, savors, savages ; sires, sirs, sores, soars, sears, 

13. seers, series, sours, scissors, Caesars, seizure, saucers; Swiss, 

14. sways, swallows, swims, swells, swamps ; Sethis ; scythes, 
13. soothes, seethes ; ceases, ceaseless, sauces ; seizes, sizes; sills, 
16. cells, sells, Saul's, slaws, soils, sluice, ceils, seals, slice, slices, 
1 j. Silas, solace, sullies, sales, sails, souls, soles, slows, solos, slays, 

18. sleighs, slops, sleeps, slips, slopes, sloops, slaps, slums, slams, 

19. slings, silks, sulks, sulkies, slurs, slayers, sailors, sledges, 

20. slowness, slyness, slabs, Selby's, slushes, slashes; sashes, 

21. sachets, socials ; seams, seems, Simms, psalms, sums, Sam's, 

22. seamless, sameness, smokes, smacks, smokeless, smiles, similes, 

23. smells, smallness, smoothes, smashes, Smith's, smears, 

24. summers; Sambo's; since, sins, signs, seines, scenes, snows, 
23. sinews, suns, sons, seasons, snobs, snubs, snacks, snakes, 

26. sneaks, snags, snipes, snaps, snips, synopsis, synthesis, 

27. sinless ; sings, songs. 



MEDIAE CIRCLES. 

129. The sound of s or z occurring between two consonant 
strokes, is almost invariably represented by a circle. 



NOMENCLATURE. 

130. In naming outlines containing a circle between two 
strokes, the circle may be shifted so as to coalesce with either 
stroke, or with the one with w^hich it will unite best, as in the 
case of Ray-B with Iss between, which is better divided " Rays-B " 
than "Ray-sB," since s coalesces better final with Ray than in- 
itial with B. You should practice continually, with the guidance 
of your teacher, the calling of the names of the outlines. 



58 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



131. Direction to Student:— Read, then copy twenty 
times. 

READING EXERCISE — MEDIAL CIRCLES. 




132. Direction to Student: — After correction, re-write 
the following exercise, by sections, ten times. 

WRITING EXERCISE— MEDIAL CIRCLES. 

/. Opposite, upset, episode, possessed, passage, possessor, pacify, 

2. passive, possessive, puzzle, puzzles, apostle, epistle ; bespice, 

j. beset, besot, bestow, obesity, beside, besides, bask, basks, 

^. basque, bisque, beseech, beseeches, subsides, subsist, abusive, 

5. besom, bustle ; tacit, task, tasks, tusks, tassel, tussle, Tuesday ; 

6. despise, dispose, disposes, disposal, dispossess, despoil, 

7. disobey, dusty, deceit, desist, diseased, decide, decides, disk, 

8. disks, desk, desks, dusk, dusky, deceive, deceives, decisive, 

9. desire, desires, dazzle, docile, dislike, deism, dismay, dismiss, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 59 

10. dismisses, design, designs, dozens; Chesapeake, chisel, 
ii. chosen, chasten, chastise, chastity; Joseph, jostle; cask, 

12. casks, Casky, excite, excites, oxide, accede, accessory, 

13. successor, costly, causeless, successive, oxen, cousin ; gasps, 

14. gossip, gusty, exhaust; hasp, husk, husks, husky, hustle, 
ij. hustles; recipe, rasp, recite, recites, rusty, re-set, russet, 
16. receipt, rosettes, reside, resides, resist, residue, risk, risky, risks, 
i/. rusk, rusks, rescue, Roscoe, receive, receives, rustle, Russell, 
18. wrestle, refusal, reasons, risen, rosin, raisins, resign, resigns; 
ig. oiHcer, physics, facade, fasten, fossil, phosphorus ; vista, 
20. visit, visage, vassal; resume, resumes; wasps, wisp, wisps, 
2i. weasle, Owasco ; thistle ; lisp, lucid, lastly, Leslie, loosely, 

22. lusty, loosens, lessons, lessens, license, lustily, Lawson, lesser, 

23. loser, looser, listless ; Mississippi, musty, mask, masks, 

24. musk, music, miser, misery, massive, measly, measles, missile, 

25. missiles, mostly, muscle, muscles, muzzle, mistletoe, mason ; 

26. embezzle ; honesty, necessity, insist, nicely, nicest, inside, 
2j. unsaid, onset, insight, answer, unsafe, unseen, insane, honestly, 
28. incisive, nozzle, nozzles; anxiety. 



CHAPTER IX. 

LOOPS. 

"steh" loop. 

133. {a) The Iss circle made into a small loop, adds t or d to 
the value of the circle, and is called the ' ' Steh ' ' loop (pronounced 
as " ste " in step), (b) The Steh loop may be writen on either end 
of a stroke, and any rule applying to the use of the circle, applies 
to the Steh loop, (c) No vowel can be read between s or z, and t 
or d contained in the Steh loop, (d) The Steh loop may also be 
used in outlining almost any word ending in the syllables est, ist, 
etc., even if the vowel in est, tst, etc., can not be actually expressed, 
as balmiest, earliest, coziest, roomiest, laziest, etc. 

134. ,S may be added to a word ending with the Steh loop, 
as with the Ses circle, by extending the last motion of the hand 
so as to make the circle outside the loop, and on the opposite side 
of the stroke. 

MEDIAL ''STEH" LOOP. 

135. (a) The Steh loop is never used between two strokes 
unless the directions of the strokes are at considerable variance 



6o 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



with each other. Instead of the loop between strokes, the t may 
safely be dropped entirely and the loop converted into a simple 
circle. For example, Ps-Lay is used for postal, which writes the 
word as though it were pronounced " pos'al ; " Ms-Lay for mostly, 
as though pronounced "mos'ly," etc. 

(6) In order to facilitate speed, the advanced writer frequently 
drops the t from the Steh loop between strokes, even where the 
joining permits its insertion. 

136. It sometimes happens that the simple Iss circle, when 
used medially, resembles a Steh loop. However, from a and b 
above, it is plain that there will result no conflicting outlines on 
this account. 



z 



/ 



137. {a) ILLUSTRATION— \\ 133-136. 

\ v \- k f 

post posts dust dusts study mist 



^ 



rest 



rests 



hoists 



divest taxed 



CONTRAST. 



rust 



^ ^s 




post post-office postal 




rusty rest reset most mostly 



*Y v 



nicely honestly 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 6l 

138. Direction to Student :— Write the outlines corre- 
sponding to the following, and see that you can pronounce the 
names correctly. 

NOMENCLATURE. 
Mst (Ernst), Nst [§in,a], Pst, (Peest), Rayst, Chayst, Jst, 
Rst, stehV [g in, b\ stekK, Kst, stehKst, (or slKst), Gayst, 
5/?Gayst, Yayst, Bst, sPst, sMst, Rays-Pst, Ps-Rayst, <tfR-Hays, 
5/Ray-Hayst, Ray-Kst, sFst, sR-Mst, SHayst, s/MP, stV, Fst, 
Bs-Rayst, Layst, *£Lay, sfL,, sNst, ^Ns, T-Rayst, N-Dst, Ray-Fst, 
Vst, $ri, V-Kst. 

139. Direction to Student : — Read the following exer- 
cise, and copy thirty times. 

READING EXERCISE— " STEH " LOOP. 



'/\ 







« \)< 



140. Direction to Student : —Write the following exer- 
cise, after correction, at least ten times, by sections, before 
leaving it. 



62 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

WRITING EXERCISE — INITIAL "STEH." 

/. Steep, steeps, stop, stops, step, steps, stoop, stoops, stoppage, 

2. stupefy, stepson; stab, stabs, stub, stubs; state, states, 

3. statue, statues, stout, stature, state-house, state-houses, state- 

4. room, status, statics, statuary, stoutly ; steady, stood, study, 

5. studies, steadiness, s'eadily; stitch., stitches; stage, stages, 

6. stage-coach ; stick, sticks, stack, stacks, stuck, stalk, stalks, 

7. steak, steaks, stake, stakes, stoic, stack-pole; Stag", stags, 

8. stigma; starry, story, stories, storied, starch, [?4i, b~] ; star, 

9. stars, steer, steers, store, stores, stir, stirs, stare, stares, stair, 

10. stairs, stirrup, stairway, steerage, storage, staircase, store- 

11. house, stork, storm, storms, stormy, sterile, starling; still, 

12. [§ 22] style, styles, stall, stalls, steel, steal, steals, stole, stale, 

13. stool, stools, Stella, Stella's, stillness, stiletto, stolid, stylish ; 

14. steam, steams, stem, stems, steamer, stimulus, stomach, 

15. steam-gage; stump, stamp, stampede, steam-boat; stencil; 

16. stung. 

141. Direction to Student: — Same as above. 

WRITING EXERCISE — FINAL "STEH." 
/. Paced, paste, pest, posed, post, poised, passed, past, paused, 

2. supposed, spiced, spaced, purest ; based, abased, baste, best, 

3. beast, boast, boost, abused, boxed, behest, biggest, ballast ; 

4. tossed, test, attest, taste, toast, teased, text, taxed, terraced, 

5. tallest, tourist, itemized, utmost ; dust, dosed, dozed, dazed, 

6. despised, disposed, dullest, demised, devised, advised, divest, 

7. digest, deduced, dismissed, dishonest, disabused ; chest, 

8. chased, chaste, chastized, chaliced ; joist, jest, gist, just, 

9. adjust; kissed, sickest, cased, cost, cast, accused, accost, 

10. caressed, caroused, calmest, coast, exposed ; ghost, guessed, 

11. guest, aghast, gust, gazed, gamest ; hoist, hissed, hist, haste, 

12. host, hast, housed, haughtiest [§ 133, d~\ ; wrist, roast, roost, 

13. roust, wrest, rest, rust, roast, raced, raised, repast, reduced, 

14. refused, revised, artist, released, rejoiced, richest, rashest, 

15. reposed, recast, rarest, surpassed, earnest; feast, fist, fussed, 

16. fused, fast, faced, phased, fixed, fenced, fairest, foulest, 

17. physicist, sufficed, suffused, safest ; voiced, vest, vast, vexed, 

18. evinced, vilest; arrest, erased, aroused, roomiest [§133,^], 
ig. earliest, surmised, surpassed, earnest ; west, waist, waste, 
20. wist ; theist, theorist, theorized, thickest ; assist, assessed, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 63 

21. espoused; sest; list, lest, lost, last, laced, least, leased, 

22. lust, loosed, sliced, slowest, lapsed, alarmist, lamest, latticed; 

23. yeast, Yost; shakest, shallowest; mist, missed, messed, 

24. most, must, amazed, mast, massed, mused, amused, smallest, 

25. molest, mixed; imposed, embossed; nest, uosed, honest, 

26. encased, uncased, infused, invoiced, invest, infest, announced, 

27. induced, enticed, annexed, unlaced, enlist, unjust, inmost, 

28. enthused, sneezed, sincerest. 

142. Direction to Student: — Write the following exer- 
cise twenty -five times. 

WRITING EXERCISE — "iSS" ADDED TO "STEH." 

/. Posts, pests, pastes, boasts, boosts, bastes, beasts, behests, 

2. ballasts, tests, attests, toasts, texts, tastes, tourists, dusts, 

j. digests, divests, chests, jests, joists, adjusts, casts, costs, coasts, 

4. guests, ghosts, gusts, hoists, rests, roasts, roosts, rusts, wrists, 

5. artists, repasts, re-invests, fists, feasts, fasts, forests, vests, 

6. arrests, waists, wastes, theorists, assists, lists, lasts, lusts, 

7. yeasts, mists, masts, molests, nests, infests, invests. 

143. Direction to Student : —After reading all of \ 135, 
outline the following words. Make ten copies. 

WRITING EXERCISE — CONTRAST, ETC. 
Most, mostly ; last, lastly ; cost, costly ; ghost, ghostly ; 
past, pastime ; honest, honestly ; post, postal, post-office ; text, 
text-book; vast, vastly; test, testify; just, justify, justly; beast, 
beastly; statistics, custom, custom-house, domestic, restless, 
deistical, destiny. 

"STER" LOOP. 

144. Enlarging the Steh loop adds r to its value, the large 
loop being called "Ster " (pronounced as the word " stir"). 

145. The Ster loop is only used on the end of strokes. 

146. ^ may be added to the SterXoo^ in the same manner 
as to the Steh loop. 

147. ILLUSTRATION— \ \ 144-146. 

^ ^ — t — ^ — ^_ 

* 
poster register duster roosters masters 



6 4 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



148. Direction to Student: — After reading the follow- 
ing, copy forty times. 



READING EXERCISE. 



X, ^ lr ^^. s A *-f 



^ 



^> xP 



^ 



149. Direction to Student: — Write the following, cor- 
rect errors, and re-write twenty times. 



WRITING EXERCISE — "STER" LOOP. 
Poster, toaster, muster, coaster, jester, tester, taster, Lester, 
master, sinister, rooster, roaster, rester, boaster, buster, baster, 
Chester, Foster, vaster, caster, pastor, forester, Nastor, Hester, 
pester, faster, fester, duster, luster, arrester, Wooster, songster, 
paster, hoister, waster, adjuster, feaster, Baxter, roadster, 
register, chorister, invester, Manchester, Rochester, Amster- 
dam, bolster, Dexter, minister, barrister, ancestor, teamster; 
Iss Added: roadsters, jesters, fosters, posters, impostors, 
roasters, festers, masters, roosters, boasters, registers, foresters, 
10. Manchester's, basters, pastors, coasters, dusters, ballusters, 
u. Baxter's, testers, gamesters, ministers, resters, songsters, 
12. musters, tasters, Chester's, Foster's, castors, pesters, lusters, 
73. hoisters, adjusters, feasters, choristers, investers, bolsters, 
14. barristers, ancestors, teamsters. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 65 

CHAPTER X. 

REVIEW EXERCISES. 

REMARKS TO THE STUDENT. 

150. Nothing is more important, in the stndy of shorthand, 
than constant reviews. You should continually turn back and 
re- write and re-read the exercises, etc., over which you have 
passed, however simple the exercises and however well you learned 
them at the time. Nothing can be learned so well at first but 
that it is easily forgotten if repeated references are not made to it. 
Especially is this true in the study of shorthand. You will have 
to learn and forget many times, perhaps, before you finally get it 
indelibly stamped on your memory, after which it is yours for all 
time to come. But do not be misled by thinking that because 
you can write and read the exercises readily now, and because you 
are familiar with a certain principle now, that this will be the 
case three weeks hence if you do not review constantly in the 
meantime. Do not wait for a review chapter in the book, but 
review page by page, and section by section, until finally you 
conquer, and can not forget. 

151. Direction to Student: — (a) Write the following 
exercise, if possible, without reference to preceding chapters ; but 
if you are in doubt, then turn back and find the principle govern- 
ing the writing of the words about which you are in doubt. 

(b) If you can not write every word with very little, if any 
hesitation, you should give yourself a thorough review of all pre- 
ceding pages before proceeding further. 

(c) Write the list below at least twenty-five times. 

WRITING EXERCISE — REVIEW. 

/. Chesapeake, China, Amsterdam, Cuba, Tennessee, Texas, 

2. Mississippi, Idaho, Alabama, Omaha, Missouri, Utah, Nevada, 

j. Iowa, Ohio, Illinois, Louisiana, Mexico, Wyoming, Arizona, 

4. Minnesota, South Dakota, Pacific, Chicago, Cincinnati, Mem- 

5. phis, Tallahassee, Toledo, Augusta, Albany, Savannah, 

6. Havana, Natchez, Sussex, Shelby, jumps, gags, jugs, lamps, 

7. calm, booth, Jennie, funny, howdy, fussy, polish, shady, defy, 

8. taffy, catches, tongues, adz, shawl, allow, Thomas, possesses, 
g. lobsters, spools, sleepy, surveys, scamps, allures, less, else, 



66 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

10. ices, room, Hughes, loafs, noises, noisy, ossifies, easily, zeal, 
ii. zealous, Silas, episode, scheme, Diaz, offices, diseases, scotches, 
12. services, ditches, music, entices, ceases^ embosses, asks, sacks, 
7j. nieces, sizes, seizes, measles, rhyme, science, assail, molasses, 
14. ancestors, husks, roosts, reposed, mists, costly, postal, destiny, 
75. reduced, surmised, amuses, swims, swamp, possessive, re- 
16. joiced, slower, despises, exist, siugs, fasten, sleighs, sofas, 
1 j. memorizes, succumbs, caresses, hazy, asleep, slip, laity, invoice, 
18. romp, marry, Harris, fop, kicks, Eliza, social, psalm, snuff, 
ig. ashes, possess, savage, guesses, thaws, Sambo, slope, surge, 

20. Jesus, depots, dashes, itches, echoes, ambushes, packages, 

21. imbue, mouth, Jehu, wrought, mill, leap, cake, etch, edge, 

22. Dinah, Ida, review, duel, showy, rarefy, gullies, chops, beaux, 

23. chorus, sallow, shallow, success, busy, bees, seasons, attacks, 

24. lessee, oasis, choice, deface, dodges, king, askew, embalm, 
23. money, mummy, love, thump, bank, pink, names, fig, cook, 

26. Rosa, chimney, voyage, pages, advice, scythe, shams, lasso, 

27. reduce, assumes, essay, envoys, shaves, nptice ? noxious. 

28. surfaces, smoke, smile, rustle, possessed, Joseph, refusal, 

29. annexed, revised, behest, damask, tempests, tissue. 

152. Direction to Student: — [a) Write the outlines in- 
dicated by the following names, and vocalize each so as to write 
one or more words, according to the number indicated by the 
figure after each name. 

(b) Note that the position of the outline is indicated by a 
superior numeral placed after the governing stroke; hence the 
number of words indicated must all be in the position indicated 
by the little numeral, which is read with the outline immediately 
after calling the stroke, as "K-Chays, two" — K-Chays' 1 , etc. 

READING EXERCISE — NOMENCLATURE. 

/. K-Chays 2 , K-Chays 3 (2), Lay 2 (3), P x -K (3), Ms 1 (3), Lays 1 

2. (6), Ith 2 -Imp, N 3 -K (2), N 2 -Ks (2), N x -Vs (2), S 3 -K, sKay 3 , 

3. sesti 1 , Ing^K, sLay T -P (3), S l -Lay-P, Ds 1 (3), Bs 1 (4), M 2 -N 

4. (2), Ds^Ps, Ds 2 -P^5, .sS^ 1 [pronounced "Iss-E-ses"] (2), sN 1 

5. [Sen] (4), sLays 2 (6), l&jses* (2), D*-P (2), J 2 -K, B'-M, 

6. T x -R (2), N x -J, K 3 -P (2), K x -K, Ds 2 -K (2), ^-Msier, F 2 -Z, 

7. Sn 2 (6), M l -Ulster, Ray 2 -J^r, S 2 -Lay, D : -Z, B^S, ^ l -Tses, 

8. N-Dses\ N-P 3 , sM 2 (2), S 3 -M, ^Js 2 , sNs 1 (4), sN'-K, sING 1 
0. (2), sING l -K, Vses 1 (2), T*-Kses, Lay 2 -R (2), F 2 -Ks (3), 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 67 

10. Ray 1 -Lays (2), D 3 -Ts, T T -P (2), Gays 2 (4), Lay 1 -Lay (2), 

11. Ray ! -Vst, Lay 3 -Pst, Chaysts 2 , Bftfjiss 2 , Bsts 1 , Dsters' 1 , ^D 2 

12. (2), sFscs 1 , stPJ, Pst 1 (2), ^P 1 (2), Ts 3 -D (2), Ks 3 -Ks, Lay 2 -Ts, 

13. Lay 3 -Ts, M-P 3 , Ds 2 -N, Bs 1 -Mses ) Rayses l -T, sKses 2 , B 3 -Ing-K, 

14. N-K-ISHes 1 , B^Kst, sING^r 1 , D^Vst, Nses-T 2 . 



CHAPTER XI. 

WORD SIGNS — SENTENCE WRITING-. 

WK MUST ABBREVIATE. 

153. Shorthand writing, to be thoroughly adequate for the 
purpose for which it is intended, must necessarily consist, not 
entirely of writing vocalized outlines for every word spoken, but 
very largely of abbreviated, or contracted, outlines, called "word- 
signs" or "contractions." There are certain words in the 
language which are more frequently used than others, and which 
are used in all kinds of discourse — those which are sometimes 
called the "common, every -day words." Hence it is important 
that we use word-signs or brief forms for these frequently occur- 
ring words and groups of words. 

PART OF THE OUTLINE. 

154. Almost every word-sign is a part of the outline of the 
word, and very frequently they are the full outlines, unvocalized 
or shifted to different positions for distinction. This renders it 
comparatively an easy matter to memorize them. But remember 
that they must be thorotighly familiarized. 



68 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



X 



up 



\ o.«» hope, happy, party 

V 



by 



. j^» be, object, object',-ed 



^ 



to be 



time 



J_ 



take, it 



L at, 

I 



out 



dollar 



-h 

/ 



do 



had, advertise 



each 






change, which 



charge, much 



advantage 



large 



~ : - 3 


come, country 


— - 


give, given 


— — « 


go, together 


^ 


holy 


_^ 


if 


k 


for, fact 


^r 


few, half 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



6 9 



have 



however 



v. 



■ "^N our, hour 



here, hear, her 



L 
( 



why 



way 



away 



think 



thank, thousand 



thee, thy 



) 
x 

t 
J. 



they, them 



though, thou 



see, saw 



us, use 



will 



whole 



your 



wish, she 



shall 



7 o 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



J. 



usual,- ly 



me, my 



may, am, him, make 



home 



important,- ance 



maybe, improve,- ed,-ment 



in, any 



no, know 



thing, English 



language 



^Zs 


long, along, length 


\ 


possible,- ly,-ity 


s~t> 







impossible,- ly,- ity 


k 


subject subject',- ed 


X 


its, it is, it has 


+ 


itself 


-fr- 


at first 






because 



several 



herself 



"^N ourselves 



s~h 



myself 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



71 



f<*^fr himself 



these, thyself 



V> , thi 



ir 
L 



this 



those 



this is,- has, themselves 



yes, yourself 



yes sir, yourselves 



his, is 



St has, as 



JL 



first 



the 



• a, an, and 



of 



\ 


but 


/ 






on 



N 



he 



how 



all 



V ., two, too 



already 



_i M oh, owe 

/ 
______ ought 



7 2 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



V 



who, whom 



whose 



high (I) 



\/y 



9% 






I (phrased) 



the ( phrased ) 



a, an, and ( phrased ) 



155. 



EXPLANATION. 

(a) The little quarter length wordsigns for of, to, on r 



etc., and the signs for the and a, an and and, called respectively 
"Dot 1 " and "Dot 2 ," are called "vowel word-signs," for obvious 
reasons. [See ?I59, c, d, e.~\ The dash vowel signs are called by 
adding the syllable "oid" to the name of the full length stroke 
corresponding to the quarter lengths, pronouncing them with two 
syllables (See \ 1 1 1 , b), as, " Void, ' ' of; ' ' Chayoid, " on ; " Jsoid, ' ' 
whose, etc. 

(b) The diphthong wordsign for high is used, standing 
alone, for // but where convenient to join to the following word, 
only one-half of the sign is used — that is, Void, VL&yoid, or 
Chajoid, according to which gives the best junction with the 
following stroke. [See \ 159, a.~\ 

(c) The sign for first is called simply "Steh 2 ." 

(d) The wordsign for he and should is generally joined, hence 
it is written either "Chay6>z'<i" or "Raytfz*^." 

(e) A wordsign may usually be built on for another word — 
that is, used as a part of another word, by the addition of a circle, 
loop, another stroke, or whatever is required to complete it, using 
the sign as a foundation, as, "T 2 ," it, take ; "Ts 2 ," its, takes; 
"Ns 1 ," influence, "Nst 1 ," influenced, etc. It is not always ad- 
vantageous, however, to apply this principle ; for example, the 
outlines for also and always are more quickly outlined in full 
{Lay~S and Lay- Ways) than by building on Boid 1 , all. 

156. Direction to Student: — You should study and 
practice the wordsigns until you can read and write the following 
arrangement without any hesitation : 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



73 



READING EXERCISE — WORDSIGNS. 



>\\a' 



^r 



W\'<''s 



\ 



/- 



K 






A. 



V 



V 



v. > L 



^ 



^ 



A 



>> ( 



>V >V c 



t> t 



L^ c ( ^ - 1 ) ) ) r r ^^ 



j 



_^ 



V 



\ \ 11// 



\N 11//^ 



157. Direction to Student : — Write the signs for the 
following words, without reference to the table of signs, and make 
thirty neat, correct copies of same. 

WRITING EXERCISE — WORDSIGNS . 

/. Improvement, several, it-is, they, if, my, object, is, to, to-be, 
2. subject, advertise, however, herself, yes, yes-sir, dollar, had, 
j. advantage, ever, home, influenced, wishes, impossible, holy, 

4. gives, though, at-first, itself, together, objected, thousand, 

5. yours, these, takes, but, whose, has, first, was, use, use, improve- 

6. ments, may-be, how, possibility, already, of, ought, high, 

7. myself, common, things, because, on, or, but, the, if, a, usually, 

8. English, language, as, ourselves, thus, all, two, owes, have, 

9. charged, much, subjected, will, should, he, whole, see, them- 

10. selves, influences, altogether, makes, this, oh, away, along, 
//. and, shall, why, length, here, the, half, are, long, your, a, 
12. him, few, our, issue. 



74 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

SENTENCE WRITING-. 

REMARKS TO THE STUDENT. 

158. You have now arrived at the point where you will 
begin to apply in a somewhat more practical way, the principles 
you have learned. The using of the wordsigns in sentences is by 
far the best way of learning them, because in addition to studying 
the signs in the abstract, you have the advantage of studying 
them by association. 

JOINED WORDS — PHRASES. 

159. (a) In order to facilitate speed, many of the common 
words and wordsigns are joined, or phrased, as it is called. This 
is especially useful in writing the frequently occurring words or 
groups of words. This will necessarily throw some of the words 
and signs out of their positions ; but after familiarizing the si^ns, 
you will have no difficulty in reading them when joined to other 
words. Usually the first word is written in its regular position, 
hence it is said to " govern " the phrase ; but the signs for in, I, 
on, is, as, and a few others of this character, are often so written 
as to throw the second word in the natural position, especially if 
the sign for the second word is an upright stroke. (Note the 
distinction this secures in such phrases as "in these," "in this," 
and "in those," etc.) 

(b) The student should not attempt miscellaneous phrasing 
yet, but should confine himself to such phrases as are presented 
in the exercises. More specific instructions about phrasing will 
be given in Part II. 

(c) The wordsigns for the and a, an, and and can not, of 
course, be joined, being only dots ; hence we have provided 
another set of signs for these much-used little articles, in order 
that we may join them when practicable. 

(d) For a, an, or and, joined, we use YLoid or Toid, which 
should be written on the beginning of the following stroke if a 
junction is convenient, but may be written on the end of the pre- 
ceding stroke to secure a better junction. These signs do not 
govern the position of phrases, but accommodate themselves to 
the position of the word to which they are joined. 

(e) For the, joined, we use Hayoid, Yoid or Chaytf/af, accord- 
ing to which secures the best junction, and it is written only on 
the e7id of the preceding word. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



75 



(/) When he is joined to the beginning of will, it is written 
"P<2zV/-Lay," for convenience of joining. 



PUNCTUATION MARKS, ETC. 

160. The signs for the comma, semicolon, colon and brackets 
are the same as in longhand. Following are other marks used by 
the author : 




period interrogation 



dash 



exclamation 



hyphen 



r ~t' 



// 



// 



paragraph 



question and 
paragraph 



quotations 



underscore 



^ 



jg_ 



? 



parenthesis 



// 



proper name 



applause 



laughter 



# 



A 



jL 



applause and 
laughter 



asterisk 



caret 



doubt 



161. Direction to Student : — Read the following exercise, 
and copy twenty times, then practice writing from dictation until 
you can write it in two and one-half minutes, and make legible 
notes. Make your writing compact. 



7 6 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



kL 



READING EXERCISE. 



-N ( ) 



>-? 



> UV>i 



^ 



> 



r_ 



v c 



/ 



<.>*l- 



^v 



1^ 



^ 



=^ 



>> 



-s 



y ' V w ) — * 



J -\ 



> 



rye (.y^l, t\ \ 



7 



^^r 
■^^.l- 



^ 



^ 




€^ 



/s««X 



i u-V° 



T 



^\ 




*^r^ 




SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



77 



rt ^ o ^ o J /\ 



■± 



« ' r> /l I 



s^, 



3? 



Z\_ 



/I 



^ ^ 
yy 



ZL 



^r 



JtL. 



•C I 




Lc, 



1 V, J 



V 



(V/ 1 \> 



^ 



t£ 



<c\t 



,<1 







•*"-"tf 




7 / 



^ 



s\ ^ 



^ 



7" 



*-7 



r ^ ' ^ y 



V /« 



T^ 7 



J& 



v r^ r~> 






z: 



ir_ 



^.l/*i - /~J> 



78 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

162. Direction to Student: — (a) Write the following 
sentences once, correct mistakes, and re-write thirty times. (5) A 
hyphen between words indicates that they are to he phrased. 

WRITING EXERCISE. 
i. I -will-be away much of-the time. 2. Her influence is said 
to-be-the cause of- his absence. 3. "Make haste slowly." 4. May- 
they come first? 5. Yes, they-may come first if- they wish. 6. Do- 
they go out on-the pike, or take-the country road ? 7. How-many 
times have-they seen her? 8. Many fish, snakes, and-eels may- 
be seen in-the lakes. 9. I-wish to engage her-services. 10. He- 
will-be up here right away. II. They-shall-be here if-he says 
so. 12. Give-me a-list of-the names. 13. The teamster sells 
game-roosters for two dollars apiece. 14. James Josephs keeps 
a-jewelry store, but-he also sells books and-magazines. 15. I-shall 
soon take an -invoice of-my stock. 16. They thanked me many 
times for-my-services. 17. They should-be-ready by-the time 
I-come for- them. 18. The miser is-in misery because he-has lost 
all-his money. 19. Harry and- James came home sick. 20. His 
task is easy. 21. They-shall soon sail for-Cuba. 22. He-says 
it-is impossible to-succeed, but I-know he-will make a-success if-he 
goes at it in-the right- way. 23. Have-they any red ink? 24. Do- 
your whole duty all-the time, so-as to-be happy. 25. I-shall-be 
happy to-receive-your cousin, niece, and- nephew in-my home, if- 
they visit-the city soon. 26. .I-desire to know-the reason why it-is 
thus. 27. How-many times must I-write this exercise ? 28. I-will- 
write it 40, or 50 times, I-suppose. 29. "He laughs-best w T ho laughs 
last.'' 30. The speeches will-be on-both sides of-the case. 31. They- 
will-have no advantages in-the-way of-music. 32. If- they sell for- 
cash they-will make money. 33. If-the-sea is smooth, the large 
ship sails along nicely for-many miles. 34. Tuesday is-the day set 
for-the case which Judge Smithson will hear. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 79 

CHAPTER XII. 

BRIEFS FOR "WAY" AND "YAY;" EXPRESSION 

OF "CON," "ING," "ING-A," "ING-THE," 

ETC.; "IBS" USED FOR "US." 





163. Way and Yay may be represented in certain cases by a 
little character, the shape of which resembles that of a horse-shoe. 
This character is written horizontally for Way, -and perpendicu- 
larly for Yay f and may be opened to the right or left, and upward 
or downward, respectively, according to which direction gives the 
better joining with the stroke on which the brief is written. 

HOW CAUSED. 

164. When opened to the right, Brief V/ay is called ' ' Weh " ; 
to the left, " Wuh " ; and when Brief Yay is opened upward, it is 
called "Yeh"; when downward, "Yuh". 

WHERK JOINED. 

165. The briefs are written at the beginning of strokes, and 
may be used medially, that is, between two strokes. 

"brief way" as a hook. 

166. Brief Way is written on the four strokes, M, N, Lay 
(or L) and Ray, as a hook. On all other strokes, the briefs are 
joined at an angle with the stroke. 

PRECEDED BY "ISS." 

167. {a) If a brief is preceded by Iss, the latter may be 
written inside the brief on all strokes except M and Lay. The 
reason for excepting M and Lay is that it is difficult and tedious to 
write the circle inside the brief on them ; hence the stroke Way is 
used in such words as swim, swell, etc. 

{b ) When Iss is followed by a brief at the beginning of an 
outline, the former should be made like a small loop, which is 
more easily written inside a brief than a perfect circle. The loops 
are not written inside briefs. [See Illustration.] 



8o 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



"RAY" BEFORK "M." 

168. It was said ( g 41, a) that Ray is never followed by M. 
This is true of simple Ray, but if it has a Brief Way, or any other, 
hook, or if M has an initial hook, it may precede M, as in warm, 
rumor, Renom, Rapkam, Rummell, realm, etc. 

NOMENCLATURE. 

169. (a) When a brief is joined at an angle, it is pro- 
nounced in a separate syllable from that of the stroke on which it 
is written ; but when Brief Way is written as a hook it should 
coallesce with the stroke on which it is written ; for example. M, 
N, Lay and Ray, with Brief Way hooks, are called, respectively, 
"weM,'' "weN," "weL," and "weR." (b) We h and Wuh, with 
/^prefixed, are call u sWeh" and "sWuh," respectively. 



170. 



1 



ILLUSTRATION ■ 



163-16 



s .»K \ 



i 



wait wig witch web web yacht 



^L 



<^_-1 



Yankee yellow wine window 



v 



2L 



L 



I~ 



7* 

war worst twig twitch 



Welsh 



qui 



\ 



queer 



5£_ 



sweep 



Swooth 



queen 



V. 



swell dissuade 



weR-M 



Ray-weM worm 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



81 



USES OF THE STROKES AND BRIEFS. 

STROKES. 

171. (a) The strokes for Way and Yay are used in the fol- 
lowing cases : 

( b ) When preceded at the beginning, or followed at the end, 
of a word, by a vowel ; 

(c) When the next consonant following is s or z \ 
( d) When either is the only consonant in a word. 

172. Way is also used when preceded by Iss and followed 
by Lay or M, as is indirectly stated in \ 167, a, which see. 

briefs. 

173. Weh or Wuh and Yeh or Yuh are used when w and y y 
respectively begin a word or syllable or occur in the middle [| 165] 
of a syllable, provided, of course, this use does not conflict with 
the use of Way and Yay stated above in § § 171, c, and 172. 



ANALOGOUS TO 



AND "ISS.' 



174. It will be noticed that the same general relation exists 
between the strokes Way and Yay and their briefs, as exists be- 
tween S and Iss, or, in other words, between the stroke ►S and the 
brief S. 

175, ILLUSTRATION— \ \ 171-173, 



wake 



awake 



X 



woke 



i 



awoke 



\ 



sway 



*\" 



yore 



J^sC 



Oyer 



t" 



waste 



irfi. 



wasp 



Wesley twain 



twang 



twirl 



quam 



82 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



176. Direction to Student:— Read the following exercise, 



then copy fifty times. 



READING EXERCISE. 



/ 




>^^> 



^ 




■A 



-M a 




*\ X, 



_U^ 




l ^ m. 



11 




^r 



I- \ V 






C_l-P 



177. Direction to Student : —Write correctly the follow- 
ing exercise twenty-five times. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
Week, weeks, wick, wicks, walk, walks, wake, wakes, wig, 
wag, wags, wax, woke, wit, wits, witty, weed, weeds, widow, 
widows, wad, wads, wet, wets, watch, watches, web, webs, 
wedge, wedges, weep, weeps, wipe, wipes, wang, woof, weave, 
weaves, wave, waves, waif, waifs, wood, woods, woody, wooed, 
wage, wages, wash, washes, waxen, waive, weekly, weakness, 
weds, wedlock, weedy, weighty, wide, widely, widower, width, 
widths, wideness, witchery, wittiness, witless, witticism, wood- 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 83 

9. cock, wood-house, wood-houses, wait, waits, weight, weights, 

10. wing, wings, wife, wife's, wives, witch,. witches, wove; wail, 
//. Wales, wall, wile, wily, Willie, Willis, willow, weal, wool, 

12. woolly, wallop, wallow, walrus, welfare, well-being, well-nigh, 

13. Welsh, Welch, wealth, wealthy, wieldy, wiliness, wolf, wolfish, 

14. woolliness, wool-sack, wire, wiry, worry, wary, weary, wore, 
13. wordy, warp, worship, worships, worst, worthy, worth, worth- 
16. less, worthily, worthiness, wordiness, warily, warm, worm, 
ij. warmly, warmth, warehouse, war, warfare, wares, wears, w r ar- 

18. rantee, warrior, wariness, worse, wars, wires, warfares, warms, 

19. warps, worms, warriors, warlike, wine, wean, win, winnow, 

20. won, one, wan, wane, wain, wanness, windy, window, wince, 
2i. winced, wins, window-sash, Wednesday, once, windows, wanes, 
22. window-sashes ; yacht, Yankee, Yarrow, yayvd, yawn (or with 
2j. iV-hook), yearling, yelk, yell, yellow, yellowish, yamp, yelp, 

24. Yang, yoke, yank, yoke-fellow, yam, yon, yore, young, young- 

25. est, youngster, youth ; twig", twang, bequeath, Beckwith, dis- 

26. suade, Haswell, quota, equity, twitch, unyoke, quench, Bdwin, 
2j. wigwam, un weighed, unwearied, queensware, inweave, equip, 

28. qualm, quail, quill, quell, squeal, squall, quarrel, quietly, 

29. squirrel, quietus, quarrelsome, quarry, quire, queer, query, 

30. querl, quash, query-box, queen, queens, queendom, quinsy, 

31. quorum, quoth, square, squab, squash, squabby, squemish, 

32. squirm, twain, twin, twine, quitch, quip; swoop, swoops, 

33. sweep, sweeps, sw T eet, sweets, sweetest, sweetly, sweetness, 

34. swap, swaps, swab, sweat, sweats, sweaty, Swede, swash, 
33. switch, switches, swipe, swipes, sweep-stakes, swing, swathe, 
36. swung, suave, swayed, Swedes, swoon, swine, swain, swig, 
31. swarthy, swag, swear, swearer, swore, dissuade, swarm, sw T an, 

38. swath, Sweet-william, swinish; swill, swell, swallow, swal- 

39. lowed, swim, swum, swam, swamp, swampy, swellish ; wise, 

40. woes, wooes, ways, weighs, sways, Swiss, west, wasp, wiser, 

41. waspish, weasel, wassail, waste-pipe, wastes, yeast, W T esley, 

42. Yost, yes, yeas, wisp, waists, westerly, Wooster's, swizzle ; 

43. woke, awoke, wake, awake, wait, await, walk-way, roadway, 

44. doorway, halleluiah, yore, Oyer ; way, weigh, woe, woo. 

BRIEFS DISJOINED AS VOWELS. 

178. (a) It very frequently happens that a brief is required 
between two consonants in such a manner that it can not possibly 
or conveniently be joined to either of them so as to preserve the 



84 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

order of reading the consonants. When this is the case, it is dis- 
joined and placed beside the stroke in the position of the vowel 
immediately following it. ( W and Y, if not silent, are invariably- 
followed by vowels. ) 

(b) Frequently the advanced writer omits the insertion of 
the disjoined briefs in outlines w r hich are suggestive, on the same 
principle that he can omit some of the vowels from suggestive out- 
lines ; however it is highly advisable that the beginner should in- 
sert them every time in order to be able to insert them readily 
when called for in practical work. The experienced writer, rely- 
ing on his judgment, can take many liberties which would be 
absolutely suicidal for the novice. 

how called. 

179. A disjoined brief is pronounced just as the vowel whose 
position it occupies, with the sound of w or y prefixed. For 
example, Weh, placed beside a stroke at the beginning, is called 
We, W%, Waw, or Wd, which is simply w prefixed to the name 
of each of the four first-position vowels. 

180. Some writers disjoin Weh and Yeh respectively, for 
dot vowels, and Wuh and Yuh respectively, for dash vowels, and 
some have gone to the wild extreme of making them large or 
heavy for long vowels, and small for light vowels, etc., etc. The 
student may do this if he deems it necessary in order to distin- 
guish between two words which would otherwise be written alike ; 
but the author has never found this distinction necessary in prac- 
tical work, since there are scarcely half a dozen words in the 
language, any two of which would be written and vocalized alike, 
and in these cases there is no likelihood of getting them confused. 
Squaws and squeeze, for example, would be written alike if this 
distinction be not observed, but the context will tell you which 
of the two words is intended. 

FOLLOWED BY DIPHTHONGS. 

181. ( a ) In practical work, a brief may usually be disjoined 
when followed by a diphthong, in the same manner as when fol- 
lowed by a vowel ; but if a distinction is thought necessary, the 
diphthong may be opened at right angles to prefix the sound of 
the brief, as in such words as quiet, buoy, twice, etc. , / being changed 
to Toid-Koid, and 01 to Koid-Totd, etc. (b) Sometimes a brief 
maybe conveniently joined to a diphthong, as in meow, genii, etc. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 85 

CONCURRENT VOWELS HAVING SOUND OF "YAY." 

182. (a) It is very often the case that when two vowels 
occur together and are uttered in quick succession, the first one 
partakes of a sound so closely resembling that of Yay y as to justify 
the use of Yeh (or Yuh ), disjoined, in the position of the second 
vowel. This may be done even in cases where the two vowels are 
in separate, distinct syllables, provided the word admits of rapidly 
pronouncing the syllables so as to cause this blending of the two 
vowels. 

( b ) The italicized letters in the following words and the pro- 
nunciation following illustrate perfectly this important principle: 
1 ' folz'o, ' ' iol-yo ; ' ' mama, ' ' man-yak ; ' i serious, ' ' ser-yus> ' ' varzows, ' ' 
var-yus; "stereotype," ster-j/0-type ; ' ' oleomargarine, ' ' ol -^-mar- 
garine ; "odz#m," od-yum or o-dyum, etc. 

183. Bear in mind that in order to derive the benefit which 
this peculiarity of concurrent vowels gives us, the words are 
written according to a pronunciation which is a little distorted, 
that is, a little different from the perfect and distinct enunciation 
of every syllable, as it deprives the word of one syllable, which 
always has so little prominence, however, in the actual speaking 
of the word, that it is scarcely noticed. But, as has been 
remarked, this slightly unnatural pronunciation very closely 
resembles the sound ( or force ) of Yay> and consequently no illeg- 
ibility, but much convenience, results from its use. 

SOMETIMES JOINED. 

184. When two vowels giving the sound of Yay, as explained 
above, occur in the third position after the last stroke, Yeh or Yuh 
is usually joined, thus facilitating its expression. 



185. 


ILLUSTRATION — \ \ 

r 


178-183. 


.. * 


c 


C 


quick 

a- 

c 


twist 

-IX 


c_ 

quake 


quack 


quiz 



squeeze odium folio mania dahlia 



86 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

186. Direction to Student: — Carefully write the follow- 
ing words, correct mistakes, and re- write forty times. Be just as 
pains-taking with the last copy as with the first. 



dwell, dwells, dweller, quick, quack, quake, thwack, quasi, 
quicklime, quickness, quiescense, liquefy, [See \ 178, b\ quix- 
otic, quiz, squaw, squeak, squeeze, foliage, envious, studious, 
copious, habeas, William, aqua, ammonia, furious, curious, 
curiosity, imperious, hilarious, odious, odiously, various, Syria, 
Scipio, stereotype, erroneous, serious, radius, spurious, dubious, 
delirium, opium, odium, sympozium, alias, impious, obvious, 
notorious, piteous, mania, Aurelia, Aurelius, Amelia, Julia, 

10. Julius, Zacheus, Delia, Romeo, Eugenia, Ophelia, Victoria, 

11. Macedonia, Arabia, Acadia, Nova Scotia, furrier, terrier, bar- 

12. rier, insignia, folio, dahlia, atheist (or diphthong No. 5 ), India. 



187. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 
BRIEF AND OTHER WORD-SIGNS. 



87 



we, with 



what 

_ ^- would 

u 

ye, year 

Ji_yet 

n 

beyond 



_ you 



we were,-would, 
- with what 



■ were we, -what 



-what we,-would,-were 



- would we 



n 



-Deyondwhat 



U 



1L 



O 



o 



J2. 



you would, -were 



ye would,-were 



yet we, etc 



with you 



were you 



what you 



would you 



O , 



is his,-as 
his is, -has 



Qas is, -has 
has his 



c/ 



^L 



where 



TT" 



aware 
4—- with our 



™* we may 



88 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



/* 



with him 



when, we know 



herewith 



wherewith 



&— X, whereby 

fr ^w wherefore 

*r ^^ wherever 

Us ^»» , wheresoever 



wherein 



<zn 



whereunto 



. whenever 



^L 



whensoever 



H. 



whencesoever 



t: 



whatsoever 



whosoever 
whomsoever 



> howsoever 



V - forever 



±1 



never-the-less 



notwithstanding 



r 



being 



while, we will 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 89 

EXPLANATION — ENLARGED BRIEFS. 

188. (a ) The enlarged brief and circle signs will be easily 
remembered if the following be observed : 

( b ) Any Brief sign is enlarged to add the value of any 
Brief Way sign. ( c) A Brief Way sign is enlarged and inclined 
to add you (or ye). (d) Iss is enlarged to Ses to add any word 
for which Iss is a sign. 



189. (a) Direction to Student: — The above list of 
signs, like all lists of signs, and like every outline in this book, 
should be studied and practiced until each can be written and read 
as easily as if it were longhand print. ( b ) Compose sentences of 
your own, using two or more of the signs in each, then re- write 
the sentences many times over. 



"CON" AND "ING" DOTS. 

190. ( a ) A dot placed before the beginning point of a 
stroke represents the much-used prefixes con, com, accom, cum, 
cog, etc. (b) Some writers prefer to make the dot heavy for 
accom, but it is not found necessary in practical work to make 
this distinction since no confusion arises from using a light dot 
for all these prefixes. 



191. (a) A dot placed after the end of an outline is used for 
the syllable ing. (b) Sometimes it is desirable, and even prefer- 
able, to use the stroke ING for ing, as in such cases as rising, 
passing, kissing, and a few others where the stroke may be joined 
very easily, generally on strokes ending in a circle, however. 
(c) For ings, the stroke INGS is preferable, though some authors 
use a heavy dot, and some convert the light dot into a circle. 



"a," "and-con," etc. 

192. The oid sign which is used for phrasing a, an, or and 
may be written in the place of the Con dot to signify con, com, 
etc., following the words a or and. 



go SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

"ING-THE," "ING-A," ETC. 

193. In like manner, the oid signs for a, an, or and, and for 
the may be disjoined in the place of the Ing dot to add their own 
value to that of the dot. 



"iNG-HIS," "ING- AS," " ING-US." 

194. The Iss circle disjoined in the Ing dot place adds his, 
as, or us to the value of the dot. 



DISJOINING FOR "CON." 

195. When an outline would not fall below, or too far be- 
low, the line, it may be dropped below the preceding word to take 
the place of writing the dot for con, com, etc. 



"TO" IMPLIED — FOURTH POSITION. 

196. (a) Where an outline would not be thrown too far be- 
low the line and where no illegibility would result, a word sign or 
an outline may be begun under, and touching, the line to prefix 
to, and sometimes to the, to a, or to an. An outline thus written 
is said to be in the fourth position, (b) Note that strokes which 
are written upward are not used in the fourth position unless they 
have a hook or a circle at the beginning, in which cases the hook 
or circle is made under and touching the line, the stroke proper 
crossing it. 

(c) The horizontal strokes K and Gay may be written in the 
fourth position by slightly inclining them in order that they will 
not coincide with the ruled line. 



"ISS" USED for "us." 

197. On the ordinary wordsigns, and on outlines of simple 
words in common use, the Iss circle may be affixed to denote us. 



198. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 
ILLUSTRATION — || 190-197. 



91 



f 



conducing 



A 



composing commencing committee 



comrade accompanying raising doing a, -an, -and 



l^_L 



doing the giving a, etc. 



sayings 



doings 



l committee and conceding the giving his, -us seeing his, -us 



1 ~L 



in composing to do 



<£ c 



to induce to wear 



to the house to sell 



to cause to receive 



L 



No Q> 



x 



for us of us with us by us give us knock us 



199. Direction to Student : — The following exercise 
should be copied direct from the book five times, then written 
carefully from dictation until it can be written at the rate of eighty- 
five words per minute. 



9 2 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

READING EXERCISE. 

*- -s c Ji *- 

^ ( N i ' .* ^ — 'f 

s — S\ L I ^ =s< — 

r ^g-o- — >/y^ 



^x 







SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



93 



'y Ut 



N^X 



^1 



7T 



S. ^ 



A. 



^ ^/ 



r" 



*ZL 



Y 



a o 



T~^7T 



^f . ^- f. 



7 V «, W/<a 



-V 




W 



f a ^i t, r u 



u d 



^ 






\D 



"A C ^ 




£ 



\ /; r ^ — /^T 



Vl 



V: 



± 




CxL 



^^ 



\r/r ., I I 



t^-V 



k . ,. ?^i 



£•/ 



*> 



7="" 



94 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



^ J /iA ^ 





■^ 






3-4- 



>v 



i_ 2iz& 



^ 



V 



V*- 



i 



^ > 



^ 






a. 



/ 



y^_1_^1 



1 ^ -^ y// r c 



7T 



X "Vr"* 



■^r 



c 



x^ 



^ 



i. 



■c^ 



^ 






T 



/> 



Z_S- 



17 



Z_ 



r"l / 



V, i*t 



z 



^ 



<^w 



T 



200. Direction to Student: — (a) The following splen- 
did exercise should be written at least thirty times, or until you 
have actually mastered the principles involved in it, and you are 
able to write it at the rate of eighty-five words per minute, (b) A 
colon between two words indicates that the second one is dropped 
a little under the first to imply Con, Ing, etc. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 95 



WRITING EXERCISE. 



1. If-you-are:convinced of- the wrong, you-should stop doing 
it. 2. Where were-you when we saw-you, and what-were you 
doing? 3. Where were-you last week? 4. We-were-waiting 
in- Winchester for-Edwin Beckwith and-his-wife, Julia. 5. Never 
be-weary in well-doing. 6. How-much does-the youngster 
weigh? 7. Were-you ever in Roumania? 8. Delia married 
a- widower. 9. They-were working rand toiling : and sweating, 
but- were happy, never- the-less. 10. The notorious quack was 
furious when his spurious wine was-lost in-the swill -tub. 11. 
Samuel and-William were stung by almost a-whole swarm of bees. 
12. The large side door swung aside with a-squeak. 13. Romeo 
was eating :his lunch when a- wasp stung him. 14. Hisxonsci- 
entiousness : commenced early in-his youth. 15. He- was once 
a: commodore. 16. We-will:commune with-you if-you wish. 
17. The chemist mixed aqua ammonia with inks and-oils. 18. 
Yeast causes-the dough to-rise. 19. Her mistake was obvious. 
20. You ought to-awake early and-take a-long walk. 21. What- 
would we-do if-you-were to-leave-us? 22. Are-you-going to-see 
(S 4 ) Miss Smith this year? 23. We-will-go with-you when-you- 
go (invert you) if-you- will- wait two-weeks. 24. " Weigh well 
what-you-say." 25. What-we-say will-be-weighed well. 26. I- 
will-give-you a-check on-the City Savings-Bank tomorrow or- 
Wednesday. 27. Maria has-a-mania for using new wine. 28. 
I-request you to-make (M 4 ) an-inquest. 29. Is-his watch as new 
as-yours? 30. Yes, his-is just-as-new. 31. Has-his wife come 
home yet? 32. She-is still in-Winsonia. 33. It-is too-warm to- 
go today, so we- will- wait and-go tomorrow with-our-nephew and- 
nieces. 34. Wallace Wilson, alias Wat Wortham, is working 
for-us. 35. We-were- talking of-going fishing : and rowing: and 
swimming : and walking : and riding : and seeing : the sights and- 
having:a nice time in-the-country. 36. Is-the young- woman con- 
valescing? S7- Do-you:consume much-wine? ^S. We use no- 
wine. 39. He-thinks this-is one of-the impossibilities of-life. 
40. They-may-be with-us by-the-time you-desire-them. 41. Are- 
you-going to commence (or 4th pos.) soon ? 42. The lady passed 
by-us and- will-wait for-us at-the Custom-House. 43. We-are- 
buying:and selling small-wares. 44. We-shall never-the-less 
await- the coming of-the officers. 45. He-is- now a-wiser boy. 
46. Many of-us are doing: the same thing. 47. We-are think- 



96 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

ing:and talking on-the subjects of- war, of- wine, and-of witches. 
48. We-think this-is a-queer thing for-us to-do. 49. Edwin's 
young-wife has-a yellow yacht and-a yelping, yellow dog. 50. 
William Watson may-go with-you if-you-are walking home. 51. 
What- would they say if-you- were to-stay with-us ? 52. Were-you in- 
thercomposing room ? 53. We-will-write-you when-we-are-com- 
ing to-Cincinnati. 54- We willtconvey to-them the news of-the 
various inquests. 55. We-were singingrthe anthems, accompa- 
nied by-the piano as-you (sYuh 2 ) passed by-us (Bs 1 ). 56. We- 
think we-will win-the-race. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

BRIEFS FOR HAY. 

201. (a) Hay, like Way, Yay, and S, has its briefs. 

(b) The briefs for Hay are a dot (written by the side of tha 
following vowel), and a tick — that is, Void, Chayotd, or R&yoia 
(joined at the beginning of the word). 

ANALOGOUS TO WAY AND YAY. 

202. (a) The same general relation exists between Hay 
and its briefs as exists between Way and Yay and their briefs, for 
example : 

(b) When Way, Yay, Hay, or ^ is preceded at the beginning 
or followed at the end, of a word, by a vowel, the stroke must be 
used ; otherwise the brief. 

(c) If either of the above-named consonants is the only con- 
sonant in an outline, the stroke is used. 

(d) If the next consonant following Way, Yay, or Hay is 5 
or z, the stroke is used. 

(e) What is said of ►S in \ 105, d, applies in like manner to 
Way, Yay, and Hay. 

OTHER USES OF THE HAY STROKE. 

203. (a) The Hay stroke is used at the beginning of words 
when the following consonant is preceded and followed by a vowel 
(See $ 41, a, for exception). 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 97 

(b) The stroke for Hay is also used when followed by Ray* 
{Hay would be "followed by Ray" if, in accordance with §41, b, 
R could not be joined to the stroke following it, as in hearth.) 

204. The reason for the rule stated in $203, a, above, is 
that the outline is thereby rendered more suggestive of the word ; 
for when the "following consonant is preceded and followed by a 
vowel," there will necessarily be a syllable each for Hay and the 
following consonant, thus distinguishing by the very form of the 
outline itself, between such words as hat and Hattie, hair and 
hairy, hot and haughty, etc. 

205. (a) The Hay stroke is also frequently used in outlines, 
the legibility or suggestiveness of which calls for the use of an«, 
any* or v, or a Shon hook. In cases of this kind, authors and 
writers differ in their opinions as to whether the Hay stroke with 
a following hook, or the Hay brief and a following stroke, should 
be used. In the author's opinion it is sometimes advisable to use 
one and sometimes the other of the above methods, according to 
the legibility of, and ease of writing, the various outlines, 
and a writer may in such cases use his own judgment in determin- 
ing which he will adopt, (b) This principle will be appreciated 
more fully when the chapter on hooks is reached, at which time 
reference will be made to this section. 

THE "TICK" AND THE "DOT" — WHEN USED. 

206. The use of the tick and the dot is in one sense the 
same, since in nearly all cases, the one may be substituted for the 
other and no illegibility or very great inconvenience will result in 
any particular case. Hence many authors use them indiscrim- 
inately. But this is confusing, however, since the student is 
thereby caused to hesitate and inquire which of the two briefs to 
use. We might have dispensed with the tick altogether, but it is 
a very useful little sign, since it can be joined, thus making the 
outline more complete, which renders it less important that all the 
vowels in the word be written. The dot, of course, can not be 
used except in conjunction with a vowel or diphthong. 

THE BEGINNER AND THE ADVANCED WRITER. 

207. (a) The student may begin by using the tick on the 
strokes R and Way (as in harm, whey, whistle, etc.), but the more 



98 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

experienced writer may rely on his own judgment, and use the 
tick (instead of the dot) in all cases where it? use would not be 
mistaken for the phrasing of 7", of, he, should, etc. , which is rarely 
the case. (b) The advanced writer, however, frequently omits 
altogether the expression of Hay, especially the tick and the dot, 
from outlines which are suggestive, and no illegibility will result, 
because it is often the case that the sound of Hay does not play a 
very prominent part in the pronunciation of the word, but read 
what is said of vowels and briefs in \ 178, b, and apply to the prin- 
ciple under discussion, as well as to any other principle. 

"wh" reversed. 

208. It is important in this connection that the student 
should notice that in longhand words which begin with wh, the 
sounds are exactly reversed, and that h is really sounded first. 
Hence such words as which, when, whey, etc., if spelled with the 
letters in the order of their sounds, would be spelled " hwich," 
"liwen," and "hwey," respectively. 



209. ILLUSTRATION — ? \ 201-208. 



4 



hitch hack hum head ahead 



Omaha hoe hoes haste husk 

whey hair hairy halo hardy 

210. Direction to Student: — Make at least twenty-five 
neat copies of the following : 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 99 



READING EXERCISE. 



^ A \ 




:r\ 



\ - r s\ -\ .r 



211. Direction to Student: — The words and sentences 
in the following exercise should be written by sections at least 
thirty times. The sentences are made up almost entirely of words 
illustrating some form of Hay y and should be practiced until 
you are able to write them correctly at the rate of eighty words 
per minute. 

WRITING EXERCISE. 

1. (a) Hug, hut, hale, hail, hall, haul, hull, hate, Hyle, Hoyle, 

2. hunk, hank, enhance, enhanced, Hemphill, hole, heal, heel, 
j. hack, huckster, hums, hemp, humbug, hump, hems, Tulla- 

4. homa (See $41, a,) homicide, hackney, hoggish, hotchpotch, 

5. hogshead, hoax, health, help, hood, height, hat, heath, hog, 

6. hominy, homily, humility, homoeopathy, hook, hang, hung, 

7. howl, hill, hash, hush, heed, hoop, Hicks, hoed, handy, 

8. unhandy, unharmonious, unhealthy, head, hot, hide, hid, 

9. hatch, hedge, huge, hitch, heap, hub, hoot, exhale, mayhem, 

10. adhere, unhinge, unhung, whack, whig, whip, whet, wheat, 

11. whang, whim, whence, whine, whinny, whiff, whop, wheel, 

12. whale, whaler, white, whit, Whitney, Wheeling, Whitley, 

13. whir, whirl, whirligig, wheelbarrow, harm, harmony, harm- 

14. less, hark, wheeze, wheezed, whiskey, whistle, whistler, horse, 

15. hearse, hires, hares, hairs, hoarseness, whey, whiz, whizzes, 

16. whizzed, harsh, harp, Hurley, Hiram, horseshoe, horsewhip, 

LcfC 



IOO SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

iy. horseback ; hay, hoe, ho, Howe, ah, eh, ugh, haw, Ohio, 
18. Hugh, hew, hue, aha, ahoy ; hose, hoes, house, hies, host, 
ig. hast, hasten, hosanna, hasty, Hester, Hyson, Hezekiah, 

20. hyacinth, hoister, hiss, hisses, hoist, haste, host, house-top, 

21. hist, hissed, hues, husk, husky, hassock, hawser, hazardous, 

22. housekeeping, hasp, hustle, hazel, hastily, Hoosier, hostess, 

23. housewife, housewifery, hostile, hostler, hussy, history, hys- 

24. teria, hyssop ; haughty, haughtily, haughtiness, Hattie, 
23. Hettie, howdy, hello, halo, hallow, hollow, hilly, Hela, hal- 
26. lowed, hallelujah, Helena, Hades, habeas, hazy, hussy, huzza, 
2j. heinous, Hannah, Hanniel, Honora, hobby, hilarious, holly, 
28. hollyhock, holiday, heroic, heavy, heavily, holocaust, honey, 
2g. hocus, Hugo, Harry, Horace, horoscope, hero, hoary, harrow, 

30. harrowed, Hareth, hurry, hurried, hurriedly, Sahara, harass, 

31. Harrison, horizon, Herod, Herodias, haddock, Harriet, heady, 

32. heresy, hiatus, Harris, hyena, hobby-horse, huffy, hypothesis, 

33. hypotheses, harangue, havoc, helix, Heresh, Horatio, Hobab, 

34. horrid, horridly, horrify ; hearth, hardy, hearty; ahead; 

35. Omaha, Idaho, Lehoy, yahoo. 



(b) Contrast: hair, hairy, Harry; hat, Hatty; hire, hero; 
hairs, harass; horse, Horace; hearse, hurries ; hoarse, heroes; 
hot, haughty ; heeds, hideous ; heads, Hades ; hell, hello ; 
hale, halo ; hone, honey ; Haynes, heinous ; heap, aheap ; 
head, ahead, heady ; hill, hilly ; hoax, hocus ; hub, hubby ; 
hod, Hoddy ; wheel, awheel. 



SENTENCES. 

(c) 1. Hugh Harrison, Harry Whitney, and-Misses Hyson and- 
Hemphill, of Wheeling, are visiting : the city en-route to- White 
Hall, Ohio. 2. The haughty lady said "hello." 3. The hostler 
will hitch his horse by-the hogshead and-take-the whip, the bag 
of- wheat and-a jug of whiskey into-(N-T 2 ) the house, and-will 
hang his high hat on-a hook in-the hall. 4. Hettie sits on-the 
hassock and-weaves-the white wool with hues of-red into a-hood 
for-Hannah. 5. The hostess hastily spoke in a-husky-voice to- 
the ( Void 4 " ) harmless Hoosier hosier. 6. The housewife has- 
many things to-harass ( 4th Pos. ) her. 7. The huge wheels : 
commence whirling while-the CR&yoid) steam-hisses. 8. The 
whistler's hoarseness is-the-cause of-his unharmonious {Hay Dot) 
wheezing : and-the harshness of-his-music. 9. A-huge hedgehog 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. IOI 

hung his head in a-wheelbarrow. 10. Harry Hicks, the humbug, 
hums, and-whines and-hisses and whistles and wheezes and- 
harasses-us (Hay-Ray^siss) all-the time. [d] u. Misses Hettie- 
Hester and-Harriet Harris and-Messrs (Ms-Rays) Horace-Hobson 
and-Hugh Mahoney, of-the Rockhill choir, sang-the hosanna 
"Hallowed be Thy-Name," accompanied by a-large harp. 12. 
The wheels of time whirl on. 13. The Judge, who-said it-was 
homicide, is hale and-hearty, though his locks are-hoary with-age. 
14. The healthy whaler eats "hog and-hominy," as- well-as 
(slyays 2 ) hash and-honey. 15. Hark! what-do-we hear? 16. 
Harry Hoyle hies to-the hut to-be out of-the hail. 17. A-high 
hat on-his ( Rays^zV/ ) head enhances-his looks because it adds to-his 
height. 18. The white hyacinths exhale many-whiffs of-sweetness 
which we inhale as- we (sWeh 1 ) pass by. 19. The heroic boy hur- 
ried to-help catch-the dashing horse. 20. Hush ! you-should-be 
less hilarious. 21. Hezekiah Lehoy hires-the horse to-go to- 
Omaha, horseback, in-the holiday-season. 22. Hiram-Howe 
hung his head in humility and-shame and-hurried away. 23. 
The howling of-the wolves and-hyenas, and-the unharmonious 
whinnying of-the huckster's hack horses will horrify-you, 24. 
Horatio Hyle hid-the hank of wool so Helena would-have-no 
hood to-make. 25. The haughtiness in Honora's hazel eyes, and- 
her huffy-speech cause many to-hate her. 26. His heel was on- 
the hub of-the wheel. 27. The healthy boy is studying : his 
history lesson, while-the unhealthy-lad is wishing homoeopathy 
would heal him. 28. It-is unhandy to-haul-the wood up-the hill 
to-the-hall ( Fozd^-'ha.j ). 29. He-whets his scythe to-mow-the- 
hay and-hemp which-he-has raised on- the hillside above-the heath. 

(d) Remark: — In sentence 10, and may be phrased with 
whistles and with wheezes by omitting Hay altogether [$ 207, b\ 
or by using the Dot. This plan may be adopted in other similar 
cases. 

212. Direction to Student: — The words and wordsigns 
in the following list should be written without hesitation and with 
considerable speed if you have studied and practiced sufficiently the 
exercises in the preceding chapters. If you can not thus write this 
miscellaneous list, do not become discouraged, but proceed at once 
to take a thorough review, re-writing the various lists of words and 
sentences. 



102 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

WRITING EXERCISE — REVIEW. 

i. Quorum, swizzle, swine, improvement, English, influences, 

2. warfare, square, usually, thousand, swamp, swing, ought, sub- 

j. jected, Swede, impossibilities, never-the-less, disposal, decisive, 

4. ceases, together, possesses, possessed, molasses, Sarah, success, 

5. devices, diffuses, ^Esop, silly, Enos, imbibes, noxious, ambi- 

6. tious, may-be, erase, Zion, links, memorized, icy, decoys, Jessie, 

7. resigns, holiday, whiskey, horror, oils, Chesapeake, exhaust, 

8. worthy, imposes, wasp, fierce, fish, embalms, maxim, maxi- 
g. mum, exercises, swell, harrasses, willow, circus, bank, axis, 

10. bequeath, casks, officer, yellow, twig, twirl, Cicero, whenever, 

11. espouse, pious, poison, shell, shawl, shall, police, disease, 

12. haughty, gawky, tongues, zealous, assize, sledges, Yankee, 

13. attacks, hawk, Hugo, sausage, twine, fiat, shadows, suffices, 

14. awake, swill, Swiss, solos, sagacious, items, Wednesday, horri- 
75. fies, season, assassin, winnow, wings, notwithstanding, assess, 
16. hisses, twang, resumes, squirm, husky, disobeys, social, 
ij. Lawson, puzzle, pacify, possibility, owes, await, boxes, sizes, 
18. Sabbath, scissors, errors, wretches, vicious, hastens, Lucy, 
ig. continuous, imposing, hilariousness, composite, exhale, in- 

20. haler, commune, teaches, Mississippi, jockey, hustle, com- 

21. modious, Joseph, accessory, quack, conveyance, wherever, 

22. barrier, Julia, fuzz, marries, coaxes, dubious, first, wheresoever, 

23. itself, holy, accompany, whereby, piteous, fact, beyond, con- 

24. cede, Owen, dual, aware, furious, Ophelia, Deity, re-echoes, 

25. rears, symposium, dazzles, obvious, asylum, length, housed, 

26. thwack, earthquake, payee, Atheist, stung, Webster, Scipio, 
2/. quarrelsome, anywhere, beware, confused, embezzler, im- 

28. postor, erroneously, annoys, herewith, wherewith, advertises, 

29. theorize, seriousness, Owensboro, comparison, destiny, be- 

30. witch, subsists, impeach. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. IO3 

CHAPTER XIV. 

INITIAL HOOKS. 

R AND I, HOOKS. 

213. (a) When there is a close union of r or / with another 
consonant, as \n pray, grim, free, plea, eagle, apple, reply, etc., 
they are each represented by a hook placed at the beginning of 
the preceding consonant stroke. [Read \ 57.] 

(b) The hook is read immediately after the stroke ; hence a 
vowel placed before a stroke with an R or an L hook attached is 
read before, and a vowel placed after such a stroke, is read after, 
both the stroke and the hook. 

214. The R hook is written on the left hand side of all 
upright or inclined strokes on which this hook is used ; and all 
straight strokes and the four curves, F, V y ITH, and THEE, 
take the L hook on the opposite side. 

215. (a) Since a hook can be placed on only one side of 
curved strokes, E, V, ITH y and THEE must necessarily be 
turned, or "hinged," over in order to accommodate the above 
statement, (b) No confusion will arise from turning these char- 
acters since R, JVay, Sand Z take no initial hooks, (c) Reference 
to the illustration will show which strokes do and which do not 
take the R and the L hook, and the manner of writing these 
hooks on the various strokes. 

(d) Read what is said in \ 107 about the formation of circles, 
and apply the same to the hooks, starting parallel with the stroke. 

216. (a) It is also necessary, in order to accommodate the 
R, L, and Way hooks, that Ish and Zhay be written upward when 
an L hook is used on them ; that M and N be shaded when the 
R hook is used ; and that the L hook on M, N, and i?ay should 
be made large. 

(b) No confusion can arise from shading M and N for the R 
hook, since Imp and Ing take no initial hooks, as may be seen by 
reference to the Illustration. Ish and Zhay, with an L hook 
attached, should not stand alone (except when lengthened), 
because they would resemble SHn and ZH?i. 



104 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

VOWKIy BETWEEN STROKE AND HOOK — SPECIAL VOCALIZATION. 

217. (a) As stated above, the R and L hooks are mainly 
used for close combinations with other consonants ; hence, when 
a hook is used, one concludes naturally that no vowel or diph- 
thong occurs between the consonant represented by the stroke and 
the R or L represented by the hook (See \ 213, b ). 

( b ) However, in order to avoid long, inconvenient outlines 
the R and L hooks are frequently used in cases where vowels do 
occur between them and the strokes. 

( c ) Mind you, now, that in short, easy outlines it is generally 
better to use the strokes for R and L than to use the hooks ; for 
when a stroke is used we know thereby that some vowel comes 
between the two consonants, thus determining, without always 
actually inserting the vowels, the class of words to which they 
belong. For example : 

(d) Short words like par, Paul, pore, purr, chill, etc., are 
ordinarily best written P-R, P-Lay, P-R, P-R, Chay-Lay, but if 
these same words ( or sounds ) occur as parts of longer outlines, 
such as park, parson, paltry (Paultry), porter, purchase, Childers, 
then these parts or syllables should generally be contracted by 
using hooks, which would give the following suggestive, con- 
venient outlines for the above words : Pr-K, Pr-seN, PI- Tr, Pr- Tr, 
Pr-Chays, and Chl-Drs, respectively (See § 232 ). 

(e) See contrast, $241, m, for additional words illustrating 
this principle. 

218. Common, much-used words, such as feel, Jill, fail, fell, 
tell, till, follow, fall, kill, dear, appear, care, etc., are generally 
written with a hook, but when so written are considered as con- 
tracted forms, and are generally found in lists of wordsigns, and 
rarely call for vocalization. 

219. If a word has occurred several times in a particular 
piece of dictation matter, a writer may usually contract it by using 
a hook instead of a stroke ; or if it does not come under this class 
of words, it may usually be contracted in some other way. 

220. More liberties may generally be taken in the way of 
using R and L hooks having vowels between them and the strokes 
if the vowel to be read between be a dash vowel because it is more 
easily inserted than dot vowels or diphthongs. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. IO5 

221. Read the above paragraphs very carefully many times, 
for they involve a principle which has heretofore been confusing to 
students, and even to many advanced writers and reporters, and 
which, if thoroughly learned, will lift a burden from the short- 
hand writer and student in whose mind this principle has not 
been made clear. 

HOW VOCALIZED. 

222. Reference to the illustration will show that when a 
dash vowel is to be read between a stroke and an R or an L hook, 
it is written across the stroke in the required position, and that 
when a dot vowel is to be likewise read, it is converted into a small 
circle. ( b ) When the dot vowel is heavy it may, when convenient, 
be placed before, and when light, after, the stroke ; if not con- 
venient, however, no distinction will be found necessary in prac- 
tical work. (c) Diphthongs and briefs are generally written 
across the stroke in the same manner as dash vowels, though, if 
more convenient, a first or a third position diphthong or brief 
may be written in the Con or Ing dot position, touching the stroke. 

"r" and "l" hooks used mediai^y. 

223. When an R or an L hook is required between two 
strokes, it is read and vocalized in the same manner as if written 
at the beginning of the outline. 

SHAPE OF HOOKS MODIFIED. 

224. It is frequently necessary to modify the shape of a 
hook occurring medially, on account of the direction of the stroke 
which may precede, or in the case of a final hook, the direction of 
the stroke which may follow, the one containing the hook. Some 
of them, for example, would be mere angles, as in speaker, talker, 
digger, joker, reply, etc., since the hooks in such cases are formed 
by simply retracing a part of the preceding or the following stroke, 
making simply an offset. 

"R" AND "i," HOOKS PRECEDED BY "ISS," — R HOOK. 

225. A circle or loop may be written at the beginning 
of straight strokes on the R hook side, to prefix the value of the 
circle or loop to that of the hook ; or in other language, an R 
hook on straight strokes may be closed up and converted into a 
circle or loop to prefix the value of the circle or loop, as in spree, 
stray, sober, supper, stupor, stagger, sister, etc. 



106 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

ORDER OF READING. 

226. In cases where a circle or loop is prefixed to an R hook, 
the circle or loop is read first, then the stroke and hook, with 
vowels before or after, are read in the same manner as if there 
were no circle or loop attached. 

ON CURVES. 

227. (a) It is obvious that on curved strokes an R hook 
can not be closed to prefix a circle, since there would be no differ- 
ence between the appearance of the stroke and circle with the 
hook, and its appearance without the hook. (b) In such cases 
the circle must be shown distinctly inside the hook. 

■(c) It is sometimes better to use the stroke for R than to 
write the circle inside the hook, as in such cases as safer, suffer, 
severe, etc., being written, scF-R, seF-R, and sV-R, respectively. 

RESEMBLES A LOOP. 

228. In all cases where a circle is to be written inside of a 
hook, at the beginning of an outline, the hook is made a little 
larger and longer than usual, so that the circle may be made in 
the shape of a Steh loop. If this is observed the circle will be 
much more easily written inside of any hook. [See following 
section.] 

NOT WRITTEN INSIDE OF HOOKS. 

229. Loops and Ses circles are never used inside of any 
hooks, such words as steeple, stable, etc., being necessarily written 
with the outlines sT-Pl, and sT-Bl, respectively, not "stehPl" 
and "stekBl," the two latter not being possible outlines. 

"l" hook. 

230. It is plain that an L hook can not be closed to prefix 
a circle, for reasons mentioned in \ 227 relative to closing the R 
hook on curves ; hence the circle must be shown inside. [Read 
§228.] 

"R" AND "L" HOOKS ENLARGED. 

231. (a) An R.hook may be made twice its usual size to 
add 1, and the L hook may be thus enlarged to add r, to the word. 

(b) Note that the enlarging adds "1 " or "r " to the word — 
that is, the outline and vowels are read as though the hook were 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 107 

small, then the "1," or "r n is added, being read in the same 
order as a final circle. [See Illustration.] 

NOMENCLATURE. 

232. (a) As Las been several times remarked (see \\ 1 08-1 11), 
a stroke, with all the hooks, circles, etc., it may contain, should, 
whenever practicable, be pronounced in only one syllable. This 
is emphatically true as regards the R and L hooks. 

(b) A stroke containing an R hook is pronounced by prefix- 
ing the force of the consonant represented by the stroke to the 
syllable er, as heard in " preacher, ' ' "dipp-^r," etc., the outlines 
for same being called "Per-Cher" and "D-Per," respectively. 

(c) A stroke containing an L hook is pronounced by prefix- 
ing the force of the stroke consonant to the syllable el or ell, as 
Pl=Pel or Pell; Tl=Te I or Tell; Rl—Rel) SHl=Shell, etc. 

(d) A stroke containing an enlarged hook is pronounced in 
one syllable ; for example, Pr, Pre I ; PI, Pier ; Ml, Merl, or 
Mrel, etc. 

233. It is highly important that the student become per- 
fectly familiar with the correct nomenclature of all outlines, 
because of the similarity of sound between the words and their 
outlines, the great value of which only those who have "gone 
through the mill " can fully appreciate. 

"UN" HOOK. 

234. (a) The ' ' Un ' ' hook may be also called the Initial In, 
En, Un, or On, hook, since it represents these syllables at the be- 
ginning of words. It will be better distinguished, however, by the 
general name "Un hook." (b) The Un hook is also spoken of 
as a back hook, since it can be written forward, backward, upward, 
or downward, according to the direction of the stroke on which it 
is written. 

PREVENTS AWKWARD JOINING. 

235. The Un hook is used in cases where the use of the 
stroke N would necessitate writing the circle either on the back 
side of N or the following curve stroke, if any. Hence we 
conclude : 

ALWAYS FOLLOWED BY "ISS." 

236. {a) Since the Un hook is only used to prevent the 
awkward writing of Iss between N and a following stroke, it 



io8 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



follows that this hook is used only in conjunction with Iss; and 
(b) it is written in such a manner as will throw the circle on the 
required side of the following stroke : 

PHRASING "IN" OR " IN HIS." 

237. The Un hook may be used in phrasing the words in 
or in his in the same manner as if used for the syllables in, un, 
etc. [See last line of Illustration.] 

SHAPE. 

238. The Un hook, together with that part of the circle on 
the opposite side of the stroke, should form a perfect Brief Yay 
or Brief Way sign in appearance, looking as if a brief had first 
been written in the direction of the stroke, and the stroke after- 
wards run through the center in such a manner as to form a circle 
with the brief as one side of same. 



239. ILLUSTRATION — § \ 213-238. 



\\ ^ IT 1 //• / /, 



Pr 
PI 


Br 
Bl 


Tr 
Tl 


Dr Chr 
[_D1 Chi 


]\ 


r 


r- 


^ 


^ K 


•)( 


Kr 
Kl 


Gr 
Gl 


Fr 
Fl 


Vr Thr 
VI Thl 


Thr 
Thl 


XM 


M 


F^ 


« e/. 




Shr 

Shi 


Zhr 
Zhl 


Mr 
Ml 


Nr Rel 

Nl 




N, 


\ 


• 
C 


• 


• 


pray 


play 


ea 


g-le glee 


eager 




7 


\ 


s A 


v ^ 



free three 



bother 



hover 



bushel 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



109 



barrel 

> 



X 



Paul 



paltry 



pour 



<-^/ — 3~ 




\ 



porter 



t 



mar 



martial 



casual 



belfry 



I- L 



darker 



X_ 



speaker talker joker 



stray 



^s_ 



<L^ kr 



supper 



stupor 



designer 



descry 



settle 



^v S. 



"7^ 



bicycle 



rascal 



gospel 



frail 



_2 — ^ rs \ 



floor 



A 



Charles 



unfurl 



unsalable 



a — < 



unswayable 

r- 



unsettle 



m — s 



JZL 



inscriber 



unstrung ensillage 



4^U 



a — *• 



in some in selling in securing in his tracks 



in his life 



240. Direction to Student: — Copy the following exer- 
cise from the book five times, being careful to note the peculiar 
joinings, then practice until you can write it twelve times in fif- 
teen minutes. 



no 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 
READING EXERCISE. 









1, i 1_Va 



^ r i- f ' 



S 



L_ ^_ 






t^- 



^J: 



^2P^ 



L -x ^.i ^ ^-K 



7 > 



^_. \— ^7 — 



^v^ 



4= 



ttw 







r 



.^ f w^ 



CL 



t ^\ T 



^T 



C- 




SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED, 



III 




241. Direction to Student: — The following exercise, 
being quite lengthy, should be practiced by sections, that is, a cer- 
tain number of lines at a time, until the whole list has been writ- 
ten at least twenty times, or until the words can be written with 
perfect ease, without hesitation, and with an average speed of at 
least sixty-five words per minute, and read back from students 
notes almost as readily as so much longhand. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 

/. (a) R Hook at Beginning: — Pray, prey, prairie, prayer, 

2. prank, preach, pre-arrange, prelude, premier, premium, pre- 

j. occupy, prepay, prig, priggish, prim, prime, primage, primary, 

4. prior, probe, probity, prolific, prong, pronged, prop, prow, 

5. proxy, pry, approach, press, pressed, presser, comprised, com- 

6. prises, compress, precise, oppress, oppressed, prays, praise, 

7. praiser, praiseless, precarious, precautious, precious, precipice, 

8. precocious, predispose, preface, iprefacer, prepossess, prepos- 
g. sessor, prehistoric, premise, premises, prepositive, pre-requi- 

10. site, presage, preside, presume, prestige, presuppose, previous, 

11. previously, price, priced, priest, priestly, proboscis, precede, 



112 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

12. proceed, proceeds, process, produce, produces, profess, pro- 

13. fesses, prolepsis, promise, promised, promisory, promiser, pro- 

14. pose, proposed, proposal, propitious, proposer, prose, prosy, 
75. prosaic, protest, prowess, provost, proximo, proximity, proxy- 
16. ship, prussic, appraise, apprise, appraisal, appraiser, prison, 
77. prism ; "bray, brew, brow, bribe, bridge, brag, break, brake, 
18. brick, brainy, brawny, bravo, brazen, breeze, brays, brace, 
79. braced, breast, breath, breathe, breakfast, brass, brier, briery, 

20. brook, broom, brim, broach, Brock, brogue, breakage, breast- 

21. work, brewery, bring, breech, breach, broth, browse, brisk, 

22. briskness, bristle, briny, bromise, bromism, brusque, brusque- 

23. ness, browser, bruise, brews, bruiser, brush, brushes, braces, 

24. Breese, bruises, Brussels; tree, tray, eater, try, Troy, trees, 
23. trace, traces, trays, traced, outer, otter, trick, trickster, track, 

26. truck, trap, trip, troop, troupe, trim, tram, trespass, trestle, 

27. troth, tricky, trust, trusty, Trigg, tribe, treatise, traipse, 

28. tracer, tracery, trachea, trackless, tragedy, tramp, trapeze, 
2g; trapezium, trash, trashy, trapezoid, treaty, trellis, tremulous, 

30. trespasser, tress, trey, triad, trice, trickish, trier, triennial, 

31. trio, triumph, triune, trochee, trophy, tropic, trousers, trowel, 

32. truckage, trudge, trump, trumpery, trumpet, trunk, trustee, 

33. trustiness, trustworthy, utter, utterly, atrocious, atrophy; 

34. dray, drays, dry, dress, dressed, dross, draws, address, 
33. addressed, odor, drugs, drink, drunk, drank, drape, droop, 
36. drip, drop, dream, drum, dram, drab, drag, Drake, drama, 
j/. draw, drawback, drawer, drawee, dreamless, dreamy, drear, 

38. dreary, dreariness, dredge, dregs, drags, dresser, dressy, drip- 

39. pings, drizzle, droop, drowse, drowsy, drowsiness, drub, drudge, 
4.0. druggist, dryness, adder, adry ; etcher ; cry, crow, acre, 

41. okre, okra, crows, crews, cross, crisis, crises, crop, crap, crape, 

42. crab, crib, cream, crime, crum, cram, crony, crash, crisp, 

43. crack, crag, craggy, cagginess, crake, cramp, crimp, crimper, 

44. crimson, cranny, crasis, craw, crayon, craze, crazy, craziness, 
43. creek, creak, crease, Creole, creosote, cress, crest, crevice, 
46. crew, cruel, crick, crier, crispy, croak, crochet, crock, crocus, 
4J. crook, croquet, crossness, crosswise, crotch, crouch, croup, cruci- 
48. ferous, crucify, cruelty, cruise, cruiser, crusade, .crush, crust, 
4g. crusty, crustaceous, crutch, crystal, crystallize, kruller, Christ, 
30. chrism, christen, Christendom, Christmas, chrome, chromo, 
57. chrysalis ; gray, agree, grease, grows, grace, graze, group, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 113 

52. grip, gripe, grape, grab, groom, gristle, grizzle, grasp, Greek, 

53> growth, gracious, graceless, granny, grampus, grainy, grasp, 

54. grasps, grass, grassy, gravy, grayish, grayness, greasy, greasi- 

55. ness, greedy, greediness, gregarious, grim, grimness, grimly, 

56. grocery, grog, grope, gross, grossly, grossness, grub, grudge, 

57. gruel, grum ; shriek, shrug, shrimp, usher, Asher, shrew, 

58. shrink, shrank, shrunk, shrive, shrove, shrub, shrubby. 

/. {b) P, V, Ith and Thee Turned :— Free, freely, fry, 

2. freeze, frees, freezes, froze, frost, fray, offer, fries, frog, frisk, 

3. frisky, fresco, fricassee, fresh, frame, Africa, fracas, fractious, 

4. Frank, franc, frankness, freak, freeness, freshness, friar, friary, 

5. Friday, friskiness, frith, frizzle, fro, frock, frosty, frostiness, 

6. froth, frothy, frothiness, frouzy, frozen, phrase, frush, frustum, 

7. phrased ; every Avrum ; thresh, thrive, throb, throw, throe, 

8. throve, thrum, thrust, three, thrice, throng, thrash, author, 

0. authoress, authorize, thrush, ether, authorized ; either. 

1. (c) R Hook in Center : — Pitcher, Beecher, Homer, Hebrew, 

2. butcher, bother, reproach, bather, fifer, Havre, hover, editor, 

3. feathery, labor, lever, Oliver, lover, liver, livery, pressure, 

4. fissure, crusher, measure, roomer, rumor, roamer, reamer, 

5. entry, sundry, neighbor, daughter, robber, vigor, maker, baker, 

6. paper, piper, pepper, major, powder, spider, breaker, taper, 

7. decrease, increase, depress, dimmer, trimmer, drummer, broker, 

8. brokerage, tamer, gamer, timer, packer, skipper, microscope, 

9. embrace, reapers, rubbers, ripper, joker, tucker, imbiber, 

10. voyager, wager, masher, Andrew, Oscar, gaiter, gopher, butter, 

11. chowder, briber, bribery, tiger, digger, dagger, badger, croaker, 

12. bric-a-brac, draper, caprice, caper, trooper, minor, miner, 

13. liquor, primer, pricker, trickery, deeper, dipper, retrace, 

14. redress, mattress, spinner, actor, actress, sugar, generous, 
ij. numerous, dinner, banner, tanner, leisure, garther, Rogers, 
16. slavery, cracker, poker, looker, negro, decree, smoker, brusher, 
1 j. preacher, progress, progressive, keeper, diagram, lucre, beggar, 
18. Nebraska, ascribe, censure, manoeuvre, treachery, treacherous, 
ig. umbrella, digress, Edgar, monogram, impress, debris, ludicrous, 

20. program, Quaker, jobber, archer, ledger, copper, lodger, fisher, 

21. treasure, treasury, richer, sentry, snicker, vigor, decree, slipper, 

22. slippery, silver, sliver, slavery, sleeper, sulphur, silvery, mover, 

23. tinner. 



114 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

i. {d) Iss Prefixed: — Stray, strew, setter, straw, sober, 

2. sobers, sabers, spray, spree, spry, sprays, sprees, suppers, 

j. spruce, cedar, cedars, cypress, cider, screw, sadder, suiter, 

4. seeker, screams, stretch, scrape, scrip, scrap, strap, strip, 

5. stream, struggle, soberly, scratch, scratchy, streak, strike, 

6. stroke, struck, sacrifice, sacrificed, screech, scramble, sprawl, 

7. scrawny, Scruggs, scrub, scrimp, sprig, strong, string, strung, 

8. sinner, signer, consignor, sooner, secresy, scrubby, stroll, scrib, 

9. stroker, striker, streamer, strutter, stripper, stretcher, sprung, 

10. soberness, scrawl, scroll, strainer, strapper, strata, scribe, 

11. Scribner, scrag, scraggy, scragginess, scraper, scratches, 

12. spring, sprang, springy, strawberry, strength, streak, stren- 

13. uous, stringy, stripe. 

/. (e) Steh Prefixed: — Stouter, stopper, stutter, stacker, 

2. stagger, s taker, stager, stitcher, stupor, stabber, stocker, 

j. steeper, Steiger, stepper, sticker, stoker. 

1. (/) 1/ Hook at Beginning:— Plea, play, plow, ply, apple, 

2. comply, placid, plague, plagiarize, plagiarism, pleas, please, 
j. plays, plows, place, plasterer, Plato, Platonist, blue, blew, play- 
er, house, pleased, placed, places, plaster, blow, able, blaze, blazes, 

5. black, blackish, blouse, blame, blameless, bliss, bless, blesses, 

6. blessed, blaspheme, blank, blister," blasphemer, blusters, 

7. blasts, blacker blabber, blubber, blackberry, bluster, blast, 

8. blaster, addle, blatter, blazon, bleach, bleaches, blink, blemish, 
g. blithe, block-head, clay, clap, clip, club, close, cloister, cluster, 

10. Cloe, closes, closed, clash, clasp, claim, climax, cloth, clothe, 

11. climb, clamp, clump, clam, clubs, clothes, clasps, Clady, cloudy, 

12. Clawson, gloomy, glass, glassy, glasses, eagle, glee, Ogles, 

13. Oglevie, glow, glucose, glaze, glazed, glimpse, glassware, glue, 

14. gloss, glib, glacier, glacious, glows, gleam, globe, glimmer, 
13. Glady, Glick, glory, glorious, glossary, realm (see $ 168 ), relieve 
16. (see §2i7) # flee, flea, fly, flaw, awful, flue, flew, flow, flows, 
1 j. flies, fleas, flip flop, flap, flabby, fleece, fleeced, phlegm, flam, 

18. flimsy, flail, flag, flake, flagship, flash, flang, fling, flung, flame, 

19. flange, flashy, flavor, flax, flaxen, fleam, fleecy, flesh, Flemish, 

20. Fletcher, fleshy, flicker, flock, fluffy, flush, flurry, fluster, 

21. flytrap, evil, oval, evils, Ethel. 

1. (g) If Hook in Center: — Bible, bubble, deeply, playful, 

2. stable, trickle, trouble, dapple, struggle, travel, shovel, fulfill, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 115 

3. briskly, physical, fiscal, develope, initial, bushel, official, tickle, 

4. tackle, trifle, local, likely, unlikely, cable, nickle, Nichol, 

5. Naples, noble, tunnel, nibble, feeble, foible, fable, affable, wrig- 

6. gle, kennel, cackle, pickle, swayable, desirable, title, final, tum- 

7. ble, ramble, nimble, channel, camel, pupil, thimble, unable, 

8. babble, Mabel, Mobile, label, reply, ripple, ladle, employ, imply, 

9. radical, spiral, laurel, Murrell, payable, buckle, quickly, panel, 

10. reclaim, enclose, uncle, ankle, angle, angel, criminal, tattle, 

11. maple, single, couple, simple, symbol, bugle, bevel, baffle, 

12. amiable, prickly, gable, gobble, topple, stumble, table, double, 

13. soluble, shuffle, thickly, rebel, legal, shuttle, lawful, unlawful, 

14. allowable, emblem, vehicle, oracle, horrible, ennoble, diploma, 
75. legalize, tripple, chapel, youthful, level, giggle, ethical, visual, 
16. casual, jingle, jungle, faithful, rumble, shingle, dissemble, 
1 j. inviolable, fickle, tipple, dimple, scruple, proclaim, reclaim, 
18. scribble, sprinkle, strangle, pebble, stubble, resemble, vocal, 
79. implicit, assemble, assembly, circle, declaim, novel, novelty, 

20. inflame, inflammable, mingle, tenable, syllable, variable, total, 

21. technical, tangle, amicable, devil, invariable, despicable, 

22. pliable, miserable, entitle, revival, survival, libel, liable, 

23. audible, admirable, terrible, sociable. 

7. (k) Iss Prefixed: — Splice, spliced, saddle, saddles, civil 

2. civilize, safely, cycle, sickly, sickle, supply, supplies, satchel, 

3. settle, satchels, spleeny, settles, civilized, splash, splashy, 

4. supple, suppleness, splashes, splasher. 

7. (i) Iss and Initial Hook in Center : — bicycle, tasker, 

2. Jasper, tricycle, prescribe, subscribe, subscriber, prescriber, 

3. mouse-trap, mystery, mastery, sunstroke, besieger, descry, 

4. prosper, destroy, pastry, bow-string, disaster, disastrous, dis- 

5. suader, physical, visible, plausible, supposable, massacre, 

6. disgrace, taxidermy, illustrious, lustrous, boisterous, disclose, 

7. classical, traceable, peaceful, blissful, phthisical, display, dis- 

8. place, displays, passable, distrustful, boastful, whisper, dis- 

9. please, displeasing, orchestra, disciple, feasible, abstruse, 

10. noticeable, outstretch, disclosing, rascal, taxable, gospel, 
77. gastric, appeasable, disable, disagree, superscribe, musical, 

12. whimsical, dishonor, distress, distressed, preposterous, dis- 

13. courteous, sophistry, gossamer, listener, passover, prisoner, 

14. designer, reciprocal, tapestry, dexterous, extra, extreme, 
75. rostrum, presager, industry, industrious. 



Il6 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

J - U) Vowel Between: — Fall, call (See §220), coal, cool, 

2. school, church, mere, more, gore, Thursday, vulgar, sharp, 

j. shark, shirk, Turkey, recur, recurs, recourse, parlies, paralyze, 

4. park, engineer, partial, portray, term, gainer, Norwood, 

5. Shirley, north, pioneer, journey, college, courage, journal, 

6. burst, requires, dark, feel (See §218), fill, fail, fell, cigar, 

7. share, follow, course, coarse, curse, torch, cargo, purchase, 

8. fool, qualify, barber, procure, cure, endure, secure, marvel, 

9. firm, farm, core, charm, fork, skill, scale, Parker, disperse, 

10. prevail, ignore, coarsely, martial, canal, animal, penal, parson, 

11. paltry, tartar, jerk, belfry, pilfer. 

1. (k) Enlarged Hooks: — April, trial, trail, control, crawl, 

2. droll, broil, broiler, prowl, prowler, frail, frailty, thrill, trill, 

3. drill, snarl, Charles, Charleston, lustral, moral, immoral, 

4. funeral, mongrel, frill, Charlotte, mackerel, pickerel, liberal, 

5. doggerel, illiberal, corporal, enthrall, shrill, shriller, furl, 

6. unfurl, prolong, girl, girlish, terrestrial, orchestral, nostril, 

7. timbrel, pastoral, Cathedral, industrial, vigoral, Cottril, Ovrell, 

8. grill; poplar, deplore, explore, explorers, implore, floor, 

9. flower, flour, flare, clerk, clerical, clear, clearness, color, 

10. colorless, coaler, advalorem, saddler, angular, angler, gambler, 

11. giggler, leveler, muffler, snuffler, modeler, stickler, tickler, 

12. juggler, bugler, jugular, Florence, Clarence, Blair, Fuller, 

13. fiddler, feebler, Florida, flourish, flourisher, rippler, tippler, 

14. settler, scholar, secular, abler, blare, babbler, trifler, nobler, 
75. clairvoyance, cobbler, gobbler, traveler, straggler, glare, 
16. shoveler, shuffler, triangular, scuffier, shingler, mingler, jum- 
77. bier, bachelor, rambler, teetotaler, clergy, tolerable, tabular, 

18. occular, tattler, warbler, tumbler, nimbler, nibbler, scribbler, 

19. quibbler, struggler, declare, muscular, smuggler, implorer, 

20. mangier, strangler, sprinkler. 

/. (/) Initial Un, In, and En, Hook : —Unscrew, unstruck, 

2. unsprung, unscrupulous, unsalable, unseal, unsociable, unsul- 

3. lied, unsuppressed, unswung, unslacked, unsling, unsluice, 

4. unswayable, unstring, unstrung, unsettle, unsaddle, uncivil, 

5. uncivilized, unsuppressible, unceremonious, unceremoniously, 

6. unseam, unseeming, unseemly, unseemliness, unsurmised, 

7. unsympathy, unsisterly, unsizable, unsleek, unslumberous, 

8. unsmooth, unsly, unsober, unstrong, unsupple, unsyllogistical, 

9. unsymbolic, unsalaried, unsympathizing, inscribe, inscriber, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 117 

10. inscribable, insecure, insatiable, insole, insuperable, instruc- 
//. tress, inseparable, insular, insoluble, insecurity, insomnia, 

12. insominous, insalubrious, insalubrity, insalutary, insecurable, 
ij. inseparably, insolvable, ensilage, enslave, enslaver, enslaves, 
14. enscale, enscroll. 

1. (m) Contrast [§217] : Paul, paltry; bell, belfry; mar, mar- 

2. tyr ; par, parley, parson, Parker, park, parcel; tar, tartar ; pill, 
j. pilfer, pilgrim ; mill, Miller (Mi-Ray) ; bar, barber, barker ; 

4. tore, turkey ; pore, porter, pork ; jar, jerk ; myrrh, mirth, 

5. roomer, glimmer, numerous (N-Mrs.). 

1. (n) Contrast: — Trouble, terrible ; traitor, territory ; brow, 

2. borrow; blaze, bales; ply, pile; prose, pores; please, peals; 
j. fly, file ; tree, tear ; draw, door ; plays, palace ; animal, 
4. malady (M-Lay-D). 

242. Direction to Student : — ( a ) Same as for previous 
exercise, ( b ) All words printed in italics are to be written with 
an enlarged hook. 

WRITING EXERCISE — ENLARGED HOOKS. 

i. K-frail girl with many-frills came to-see-the corporaVs- 
drills. 2. Clarence and Florence Blair came to Charleston 
(CHrlst 4 N) last April to see their (Thr 2 ) uncle, Mr.-fMr 1 ) 
Charles Carlton, who-is a-peddler oi-mackerel and pickerel. 3. 
The popiclar angler frorn-Florida is-a bachelor. 4. The saddler' 's 
clerk, the colored juggler \ the young-bugler, the fiddler and-the 
cobbler are all gamblers and-tipplers. 5. Tattlers and-gigglers 
are deplorable triflers. 6. Travelers say poplar-trees flourish at- 
Charleston and-Charlotville. 7. The new settler is-an abler- 
scholar, but less-muscular. 8. It-is-a tolerably clear-day. 9. 
Stragglers, smugglers, and-scribblers axe-prowling: the cathedral 
in-search of orchestral relics. 10. The sweet warbler who-sings 
with so much clearness of voice, declares herself a-poor rambler. 

11. The liberal explorer belongs (Bis 1 ) to-the {Void 4 -) Industrial 
League. 12. Flora sits on-the floor and-plays with her flowers. 

13. The girlish lady from-(Fr 2 ) Colorado writes much doggerel 
on "meddlers and-peddlers." 14. Clara Clark recites "The 
Cobbler and-the Gobbler." 15. The liberal coaler has heavy ad- 
valorem to-pay. 16. I-implore-you to-address-the clergy and- 
ask-them to-unfur I -the banner. 

243. Direction to Student : — {a) Make ten copies of the 
following list of signs, in column form, calling aloud each sign 
and the word or words it represents, (b) Direction a may be 
repeated as many times as necessary in order to thoroughly 
familiarize the signs, after which they should be studied by using 
them in sentences. 



Ii8 



-V 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 
INITIAL HOOK AND OTHER WORDSIGNS. 



appear, proper 



principle,-al 



practice,-al 



express 



surprise 



liberty 



member, remember 



number, brother 



truth 



attract,-ed 



doctor 



direct, -ed, dear 



during 



_L 



-?- 



which are 



danger 



larger 



correct, -ed 



carry, cure 



degree 



^ 






form,-ed 

[Ray 1 -Fr, reform, N-Fr 1 , 

inform, etc. See § 155, e.] 



, from 



for our 



, every, very 



1 favor 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



119 



■ J )- 

X 



they are, there, -ir 



other 



sure [SHr 3 , assure.] 



pleasure 



Q~s 



— . Mr., mere, remark,-ed 



more [§218] 



near, nor [§218] 



— nearly 



<r~- 



1 



merely 



people,-ed 



\ 



*) apply 



\ 



belong,-ed 



\ believe,-! 

1 



tell, till 



_P at all 



at least 



at last 



deliver,-ed 



children 



call, equal [Kls 1 , equalize] 



s r difficultly 



real,-y [Rels 1 , realize, §155, e] 



iZ. 



relate,-ed,-ive,-ion 



T> 



S, t rule,-ed [Rel-Ray, ruler] 



120 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



t 



i. 



I. 



feel, fill, follow 



full, fell, fail [FIt 2 failure] 



fully 



value 



C^ 



-, million 



family 



C_y only 



annual 



F ^ nothing 



iz. 



knowledge 



acknowledge 



regular,-ly,-ity 



l ' "" '.' irregular,-ly,-ity 



w 



■ peculiarly ,-ity 



■ familiar,-ly,-ity 



/S^. 



■ represented 



■ refer,-ed,-ence 



x 



" capable,-y,-ity 



+ 



\ 



1 disadvantage [Ds 3 -Chay, 
discharge, etc. § 155, e] 



~- speak, superior ,-ly,-ity 



x 



• expect,-ed,-ation 



— S- <* special,-: 



iy 



< satisfy ,-ed,-tory,-torily 



p 



* exist,-ed, system 



^J> 



^=-£~ 



, United States [Nses^K, 
U. S. of America] 



3 necessary ,-ly 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 121 

244. Direction to Student: — The following illustrative 
sentences should be practiced until you can write the whole or 
any part of them at the rate oi eighty -five words per minute. 

WRITING KXKRCISK. 
i. Does-your brother remember- the number of members at 
Liberty Church? 2. They fail to apply-the principles when 
practicing. 3. Near-the larger door sits Dr. Black and-Mr.- 
Sparks. 4. There- was difficulty in-securing full value for those 
peculiar things. 5. Their pleasure is ours. 6. I-am-sure they- 
will make-the delivery to-the owners in a-manner which-will-be 
satisfactory. 7. At least a-million people have at-last realized- 
(Rlst 1 ) the true value and-superiority of-this-process. 8. We- 
have-your favor of-the-first instant (Pcz^-Steh-Nst, omitting the). 

9. They-are-exercising much care with-the -valuable treasure. 

10. Please tell-me the real value of-the rule relative to-the degree 
of heat necessary for- the purpose. 11. " There-are others," re- 
marked Mr. Moore, with remarkable emphasis. 12. We-will call- 
you over during- the-day. 13. il Deliver-us ( see §197) from-evil ' '■ 
(VI). 14. Surely he-shall deliver thee from-the snare (sNr) of- 
the fowler. 15. The blacksmith's brawny arm broke-the blow of- 
the hammer as it fell. 16. Take care lest you fall a-prey to-the 
dangerous ( Jrs 2 ) and-cruel-oppressor. 17. Remember you-must 
work bravely if- you-would-win-the promised-prize (§ 135 ). 18. 
We-will-travel through-the dreary and-trackless forest, and-cross- 
the-clear and-placid stream, over- which there-is-no-bridge. 19. 
Few people appear to remember-the principle, "Practice what- 
you- preach." 20. Liberty is very dear to every-one. 21. Bring- 
the-broom to-brush up-the dirty-floor. 22. If- the Principal will 
apply-the principle in a-proper manner, he-may correct many- 
evils. 23. It-is difficult to direct-the work of-the children in all 
their-classes. 24. Mr. -Drake addressed-the members of-the club. 

25. Your mere-presence during trial (Trl 1 ) gives-us pleasure. 

26. The peculiar odor of-the drug was-the cause of-the drowsiness 
which-came over-the people there. 27. He-may-draw-the trick- 
ster into-the trap, for-he, himself, is very-tricky. 28. The un- 
scrupulous tramp who forced his way into-the-house, bore-traces 
of-strong drink and-crime in-his-manner (Un hook). 29. Mr.- 
Trigg, the popular-grocery drummer, will make his annual-trip to- 
Buffalo (B-Fl) in-April. 30. The manner and-approach of-the 
instructress was very unceremonious. 3 1 . The rose climbs on-the 



122 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

trellis, and-the ivy trails along-the grassy-walk. 32. We hear-the 
drum and-see-the troops pass by-the door, as-they come in-triumph 
from- trie-fierce and-bloody conflict. S3- The soldier, with gray 
hair and-grim visage, rernembers-the struggle for liberty. 



CHAPTER XV. 

FINAL HOOKS. 

"n" and "f" hooks. 

245. (a) The N hook is a small final hook written on 
the R hook side of all straight strokes and on the concave side of 
all curved strokes. 

( b) The F hook is a small final hook on the L hook side 
of straight strokes (opposite the N hook), curved strokes not 
taking this hook. 

(c) The F hook is also a V hook, but for simplicity and 
brevity it is called in this book simply ".Fhook" instead of "F 
or Fhook." 

ORDER OF READING. 

246. (a) The F and N hooks, unlike the R and L hooks, 
are read after the last vowel on the stroke ; in other words, final, 
or last, unless followed by a circle, in which case the circle is read 
last ; hence, 

(b) When a final hook is used, the consonant represented by 
the hook has no vowel after it ; hence, 

(c) In outlining words which end in n,f, or v, or ns,fs y or vs, 
the hooks should be used, provided the use of same does not 
cause a bad joining or tedious outline. 

CIRCLES AND LOOPS ADDED. 

247. (a) The N hook may be closed on straight strokes 
to add IsSy Ses, Steh, or Ster on the same principle as explained 
in \ 227 relative to the R hook. 

(b) If an N hook which has been closed to add a circle, 
be followed by another straight stroke, the N hook is then lost, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 1 23 

because when Iss is used between straight strokes in different 
directions, it is written on the outside of the angle, and because 

(c) A circle written on the N hook side between two straight 
strokes in the same direction throws the hook to the second 
stroke, hence makes of it auT? hook, as in destroy, excresence, 
distrust, distress y etc., density being written "D-Ns-T," etc. 

(d) A few words, such as Johnson, Benson, responsive, 
Townsend, transcend, etc., may be written by placing the circle 
on the outside of the angle between straight and curved strokes 
because this is the unnatural joining for the circle, and hence 
indicates that it has been so placed to show the presence of the 
N hook. 

248. Iss may be written inside of the i^hook. [See \ 230, 
relative to writing Iss inside of the L hook, and apply the same 
to the F hook.] 

TIVK AND SHON HOOKS. 

249. (a) A large final hook on the JV hook side of straight 
strokes represents the syllable tive. This hook is not used on 
curves. 

(b) A large final hook opposite the Tive hook on straight 
strokes and on the concave side of curved strokes is the Shon 
hook. This hook represents the much -used syllables tion, sion, 
cion, shion, tian, sian, cian, zhon, zhan, etc., as in motion, 
passion, fashion, magician, artesian, fusion, Ephesians, etc. 

ONLY "ISS" ADDKD. 

250. Iss only is added to the Tive and Shon hooks by 
writing the circle inside the hooks. 

"ESHON" hook. 

251. When the syllable shon, zhon, or zhan, etc., is preceded 
by a vowel which is preceded by the sound of s or z, it is expressed 
by a small hook run through the stroke to the opposite side from 
that which the circle occupies. ( b ) The name of this hook, 
independent of the circle, is e'shon, that is, the little hook itself 
has two syllables, the first being a vowel, the second, shon; hence 
it follows that ( c) any stroke containing an Eshon hook contains 
at least three syllables, the hook representing two, and the circle 
and stroke representing at least one. 



124 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

" ESHON" HOOK VOCALIZED. 

252. The Eshon hook may be vocalizad by placing a vowel 
or brief sign beside it, putting the vowel on the left if heavy and 
and on the right if light, though in practical work this is rarely, 
if at all, necessary. 

SHAPE OF " ESHON" HOOK. 

253. Read what is said of the shape of the Uh hook in \ 238 
and apply same to the Eshon hook. 

REMARKS TO THE STUDENT. 

254. It is of the greatest importance that the utmost care 
be exercised in the formation of hooks, circles, etc., and the 
student who is careless enough to make an Eshon hook resemble 
the stroke Jff y for example, or who is careless in other ways con- 
cerning the forms and appearance of his characters, will save time 
and disappointment by dropping the study of shorthand immedi- 
ately. The eagerness to acquire speed should not be uppermost 
in the study and practice of shorthand. [ \\ 33, b; 35 ; 81, b.~\ 

NOMENCLATURE. 

255. (a) The N and F hooks coalesce with the stroke on 
which they are placed on all strokes except S, Imp, and Ing\ 
hence any stroke, except the three just mentioned, which has an 
N or an i^hook, should be pronounced in one syllable. 

(b) The following are the names of a few of the strokes con- 
taining these hooks : Pen, Pef, Jen, Jef, Fen, Then, Then, Wayn, 
eSen, Inupen, Ingen, etc. 

( c ) It is evident that the hooks Tive and Shon> .as well as 
Eshon can not coalesce with the strokes ; however there is no dis- 
advantage in this, since they represent separate syllables wherever 
they are used. 

256. ILLUSTRATION — \ I 245-255. 

"N, F OR V," "TIVE" AND "SHON" HOOKS. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



125 



l^L 



pen penny open spun cuff rave 



V J- /* 



<T"^ 



X 



A 



opens dunce loans summons strives raves 



1 I -k 



^ C 



condense condensed condenses punster convince convinced 



7^ 



r ^ . 



-V 



strange panic driver coffer convenience combative 



rf ^1: 



vj? 



A '•"> 



sedatives native nation national missionary suction 



qa — . k^ 7r J) -Jdu 



succession position compensation sensational cessation associations 



126 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



257. 



£A 



READING EXERCISE. 



<L , U 



a t \ 



7^ 
1 



v T. K ^\ -<s* 



V7 



^ 



y" 



,V ^ t 



^ 



b 7 



V.^ ^.*-><ru. 



-^ 



\i 



^ ,/i-,'V,n-^,-i^r,i- 






C 



* O 



^S. 



3^ 



T7 



£: 







^ 



• ^^ " 



*^ 



7^ 



^=>- 



^1= 



^X 



UL i^ L . ^-n-, 



^ 







"\i 



^ 



'(i 



Qg /^"^ -k 



<^!^> 



lll ii j 



258. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 
FINAL HOOK WORD SIGNS. 



127 



upon 



. happen 



Cs explain 



expenenc 



A 


happiness 


\, to have been 


J taken 




at once 


C 




\. 


, denominate, 


, religion 


-U. 


/ 

' general.-y 



^ 



imagine 



begin 



begun, again 



began 



often, phonography 



. can, question 



_L_ 


have been 


^ 


herein 


c 


within 


r 


learn 


^ 


men, morning 




man 




„ may have been 


X 


perfect 


X 


, professor, prove 



128 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



A: 

A 



approve 



before 



belief 



whatever 



out of 



truthfuL-ly 



attractive 



v . derive 



diflfer,-ed,-ence 



advance,-ed 



jL 



whichever 



^l govern, -ed 






position 



possession 



transaction 



\s 



^ 



r^.. accession 



accusation 



organization, [Gnst, organ- 
ized. §155, <?] 



x 



perfection 



operation 



oppression 



expression 



^ separation 



°\ suppression 

XT 



V 



exception 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



129 







exhibition 



subjection 



imagination 



^ 



operative 



sj — * objective 



77^ 



subj ective 



imaginative 



unimaginative 



259. Direction to Student: — In asking you to write an 
exercise like this, it is not always practicable to designate a 
certain number of times for it to be written, because of its great 
length ; yet you should not be in a hurry to pass it, for the words 
are common-place, e very-day words, with which you ought to 
become familiar. Hence, you should write the exercise over at 
least three times before leaving it ; and some of the smaller 
divisions, especially the contrasts, should be written many more 
times. 

WRITING EXERCISE. 

1. (a) N Hook : — Pane, pain, pone, pun, pen, pin, pine, pawn, 

2. pan, open, spoon, spin, spun, spawn, plan, plain, plane, bane, 
j. bean, Ben, been, combine, bin, boon, bone, bun, Blaine, Spain, 

4. beckon, beacon, bacon, brain, blown, bran, brown, brawn, be- 

5. moan, blacken, obtain, bobbin, brine, complain, spleen, sprain, 

6. prune, zone, scan, convene, van, kine, eaten, widen, stamen, 

7. seven, nine, eleven, impugn, tin, tone, ton, ten, tan, town, tune, 
S. yarn, sheen, Maine, mane, down, dine, dean, contain, dawn, 

9. Dane, deign, Dunn, done, cone, oaken, Dan, gin, Jane, June, 

10. Kugene, chin, join, gown, weapon, swoon, stern, fern, waken, 

11. swan, wagon, serene, woven, remain, Loraine, Roman, Romine, 

12. Solomon, chain, coin, keen, kin, cane, cone, coon, widen, 

13. Sweden, kitchen, gone, gain, gun, rain, rein, reign, arraign, 

14. run, ran, Rhine, Rhone, roan, wren, fine, fawn, fain, feign, 



130 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

75. confine, fun, fan, fin, shaken, button, mutton, bitten, smitten, 
16. pardon, enliven, slacken, hen, hewn, hone, Simon, reclean, 
1 j. wooden, cabin, weaken, Lynn, woman, sardine, women, tureen, 
18. domain, abstain, chaplain, pagan, deepen, sharpen, sirloin, 
79. melon, clergyman, recline, vine, convene, vain, vein, van, 

20. oven, thin, then, thine, than, lane, lain, lone, lean, attain, 

21. worn, sworn, slain, saline, saloon, unclean, restrain, dea- 

22. con, enthrone, incline, loin, lawn, line, mean, mine, moan, 

23. moon, nine, none, nun, noon, noun, horn, refine, ravine, raven, 

24. stone, stun, soften, skin, iron, urn, earn, skein, sicken, sudden, 
23. Satan, stain, satin, sustain, disdain, moreen, sateen, engine, 
26. regain, train, drain, drone, drown, glean, clean, green, crown, 
2j. clown, grown, groan, flown, shrine, swain, discipline, decline, 

28. Mormon, Norman, linen, muslin, mullein, Warren, malign, 

29. marine, turban, crane, careen, shine, session, shown, shone, 

30. ocean, frown, throne, thrown, strain, screen, clan, Saturn, 

31. violin, pigeon, stolen, swollen, orphan, barren, glen, repine, 

32. ripen, demean, demon, canine, feline, equine, refrain, 

33. Alpine, tribune, region, renown, famine, African, lemon, sum- 

34. rnon, sadden, foreign, camphene, tine, Julian, German, 
33. Nathan, Josephine, Lilian. 

7. (b) Contrast: — Pen, penny; Ben, Benny; Jane, Janie; 

2, 

3 

4< 

5 

6, 

7 



mean, Minnie; moon, money; main, many; ten, Tennie; 
lean, Lena; brown, brownie; brain, brainy; rain, rainy; kin, 
Kinney ; dine, Dinah ; coon, Cooney ; fin, finny ; fun, funny ; 
bone, bony ; bun, Bunnie ; tone, tony ; van, avenue ; chin, 
China ; fan, Fanny ; Nan, Nannie ; horn, horny ; brawn, 
brawny; brine, briny; green, greenie ; clown, Clony ; pone, 
pony ; tin, tiny. 

7. (c) N Hook in Center : — candy, fancy, frenzy, clownish, 

2. Monday, finish, geranium, staunch, Amanda, diminish, 

3. branch, trench, retrench, admonish, manish, bunch, canopy, 

4. punch, Dante, plenty, brandy, panic, finery, dandy, dominion, 

5. demeanor, mechanic, maniac, pre-eminence, minimum, dimin- 

6. ish, amanuensis, linen, quinsy, maligner, spinner, strange, 

7. brownish, burnish, tandem, nunnery, banjo, bench, coinage, 
sponge, tinge, pinch, fringe, vanish, Spanish, finance, 
finances, penance, denounce, denounces, conic, synonym, de- 

10. nounced, vacancy, drench, dainty, volcanic, foreigner, French, 
77. banish, Blanche, Benjamin, clinch, Henry, plunge, expunge, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 131 

12. lonely, cleanly, monopolize, almanac, clemency, moonshine, 

13. moonshiner, bounty, minute, thinness, venom, liner, linear, 

14. minutely, Browning, planet, heathenish, thinner, vainer, in- 
75. fringe, monarch, economy, clinic, stanza, unanimous, piquancy, 
16. granary, lonely, loneliness, orange, openness, keen-eyed, 
77. mariner, serenely, lemonade, pancake, rainbow, gainer, Dan- 
18. ish, cronic, milliner, varnish. 

i. (d) Iss, Ses, Steh, and Ster Added on Straight Strokes. 

2. Iss : — pains, panes, chains, drains, beans, gleans, declines, 

j. reclines, inclines, coins, brains, tureens, glance, prance, 

4. joins, Atkins, Jones, John's, runs, rinse, dunce, dance, bounce, 

5. trains, plains, planes, plans, cleans, tons, tones, tunes, duns, 

6. combines, complains, prince, ripens, guns, gains, tans, coons, 

7. cans, towns, rains, clowns, chins, pines, pawns, gins, drowns, 

8. strains, impugns, screens, sprains, restrains, groans, grains, 

9. groins, grins, dines, dense, dens, condense, cleanse, cheapens, 

10. sustains, suspense, repines, response, opens, stones, stuns, 

11. drones, crones, hones, pones, bones, cyclones. 

1. (e) Ses: — prances, princes, princess, dances, glances, 

2. Joneses, residences, semblances, resemblances, instances, 

3. bounces, pounces, cadences, chances, dunces, tenses, entrances, 

4. dispenses, distances, condenses, resistances, Kansas, rinses, 
j. v pretenses, responses, Atkinses. 

1. (f) Steh: — danced, condensed, against, rinsed, chanced, 

2. cleansed, glanced, canst, pranced, distanced, dispensed, 

3. pounced, bounced, trounced, jounced, entranced, bronzed, 

4. instanced. 

1. (g) Ster : — punster, spinster, punsters, spinsters, De Kenster. 

1. (k) Iss Added on Curves: — fines, vines, confines, con- 

2. venes, vanes, vans, moans, moons, lines, leans, loans, lens, 

3. lanes, mines, Collins, means, bemoans, demons, refines, ravens, 

4. fins, fans, remains, canines, domains, felines, shines, urns, 

5. earns, irons, nuns, horns, ovens, thins, feigns, fanes, fains, 

6. mince, frowns, thence, convince, melons, ravines, refrains, 

7. lance, zones, thorns, thrones, oceans, Athens, stamens. 

1. (i) Contrast: — peas, pins; bees, bins; does, dunce; toes, 

2. tones; tusk, tons; tease, teens; enclose, inclines; bows, 
j. boons; brays, brains; doses, condenses; trays, trains; task, 



132 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

4. tans ; pies, pines ; plays, plains ; drays, drains ; cheese, chins ; 

5. chase, chains ; grows, groans ; grace, grains ; dies, disk, dines ; 

6. wags, wagons ; complies, complains ; guest, against ; case, 

7. canes ; pays, pains ; contest, condensed ; wrist, rinsed ; poster, 

8. punster ; choosed, chanced ; boost, bounced ; fence, fenced ; 
g. convince, convinced ; mince, minced. 

7. (J) IT Hook: — Puff, tough, rough, ruff, roof, crave, cove, 

2. cave, gave, trough, cough, buff, beef, brief, dove, dive, strife, 

j. surf, serve, skiff, calf, Dave, deaf, bluff, cleave, glove, cliff, 

4. clove, rave, rove, achieve, native, motive, octave, chaff, hoof, 

5. scarf, sensitive, mastiff, chief, Jeff, Jove, drive, drove, contrive, 

6. stuff, cliff, huff, strive, strove, pave, grave, lithograph, brave, 

7. heave, hive, bereave, gulf, reef, stove, primitive, staff, stave, 

8. stiff, clef, gruff, behave, behoof, swerve, doff, approve, arrive, 
g. grove, grieve, grief, cuff. 

1. (k) Iss added to F Hook : — Contrives, groves, strives, 

2. strifes, skiffs, caves, cuffs, doves, toughs, roves, roofs, beeves, 
j. bluffs, coughs, puffs, natives, dives, cliffs, cleaves troughs, 

4. chiefs, achieves, raves, reprieves, drives, reproves, droves, 

5. motives, heaves, hives, doffs, approves, cloves, arrives, grieves, 

6. briefs, Reeves, staffs, reefs. 

7. (/) Contrast: — Cough, coffee ; tough, taffy; beef, beefy; 
2. deaf, defy ; chaff, Chafee ; dives, devise ; Dave's, deface ; 
j. grieves, grievous. 

7. ( m) P Hook in Center : — David, deference, clover, cleaver, 

2. rover, rougher, roofless, river, diver, referee, reverse, quaver, 

j. beaver, beverage, quiver, tougher, defer, prefer, proffer, briefer, 

4. devout, devoid, devote, divide, defeat, devotee, extravagance, 

5. hover, reveal, devour, gruffly, typhoid, outfit, preference, 

6. scuffle, Jefferson, driver, drover, cover, uncover, rival, prefer- 

7. ences, preferable, adverse, deviate, divine, Stephen, provoke, 

8. rifle, revelry, proverb, adverb, arrival, contrivance, define, 

9. deafen, proven, juvenile, cloven, advocacy, defense, deafens, 

10. defines, deafness, telephone, engraver, cavalry, prophecy, 

11. province, provincial, endeavor, endeavorer, profane, profanity, 
72. typhoon, befcg, cavern, bravery, toughen. 

7. ( n ) Tive Hook : — Connective, active, deceptive, talkative, 

2. repletive, adjectives, elective, receptive, retractive, excitatives, 

j. preceptive, perceptive, perspective, combative, captive, dative, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 1 33 

4. activity, imitative, illustrative, creative, provocative, corrob- 
j. orative, notative, fugitive, collective, ineffective, ineffective- 

6. ness, sedative, negatives, intuitive, suffocative, susceptive, 

7. comparative, restoratives ( Rays-T-Ray/zV<?s), suppurative, 

8. talkativeness, recreative, constitutive, refractive, effective, 

9. effectiveness, sportive, sportiveness, cogitative, commemor- 

10. ative, probative, regulative (as though regulative), vocative, 

11. communicative, nutritive, combativeness, corporative, oper- 

12. ative, desiccative, tractive, desecrative, defective, secretive, 

13. putative, corruptive, consecutive, consecutiveness, putrefactive, 

14. afflictive, decorative (D-Kxtive), purgative, figurative ( F-Gr- 
/f. live), inactive, inactivity, prerogative ( Pr-Ray-G^'z^ ), lucra- 
16. tive, reparative, retributive, rotative, infective, invective. 

1. (o) Slion Hook: — Option, portion, condition, passion, 

2. auction, caution, auctioneer (~Kskon-~R.ay ) , cautionary, consti- 

3. tution, creation, motion, emotion, mission, omission, emission, 

4. plantation, resignation, exhilaration ( Gs-Lay-Ray 5^0/2 ), sub- 

5. traction, division, fraction, section, education, educational, 

6. rations, rational, missionary {Mshon-Ray) , passions, action, 

7. unction, function, completion, operation ( as though operation ), 

8. separation, suppurations, expiration, prevarication (Prf-Ray- 

9. Kskon), consumption, sectional, connection, conclusion, occa- 

10. sion, occasions, fashion, fusion, fashions, determination, com- 

11. plication, confirmation, fumigation, constellation, exploration 

12. (omitting a), calculation (as though calculation), navigation, 

13. vegetation, superstition, contraction, contention, admiration, 

14. (D-M-Ray s kon ) , vacation, instigation, perdition, consideration, 
13. extermination (may omit A"), exoneration (Gs-'Nrs/ion), medi- 

16. ation, observation, reservation ( Rays-Ray- Vskon), preserva- 

17. tion, portion ( V-Roy-shon ), corporation, incorporation, circu- 

18. lation ( sRay-KU^0/z ) , condonation, conglomeration (con: Gl- 

19. Mxshon), procrastination, subscription (may omit P), contam- 

20. ination, oration, national, nation, lotion, omissions, radiation, 

21. Grecian, seclusion, allusion, vision, visionary, aversion, conver- 

22. sion, notation, nationality, inundation, invocation, invention 

23. (may contract to N-Vshon), repudiation, culmination, invita- 

24. tion, injection, inflation, geometrician, intuition, incursion, 
23. incorruption, secretion, mathematician, electrician, gyration, 
26. suction, suasion, negation, navigation, munition, ministration, 
2j. accommodation, depredations, fermentation, patience, tuition, 



134 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

28. derision, consecration, sanction, imitation, donation, diction, 
2g. dictionary, irritation (§41, b), irrational, adoption, explosion, 

30. friction, infection, junction, occupation, dissection, discussion, 

31. depression, desperation {desperation), declamation, definition, 

32. designation, isolation, edition, deception, dissolution, dissipa- 

33. tion, conviction, infusion, election, electioneer, disapprobation, 

3 4. dissension, exclamation (contract to sKl-^Ls/wn), pension, 
33. resolution, salutation, reflection, visitation, consummation, elo- 
36. cution, location, petition, petitions, petitionary, intrusion, nutri- 
j/. tion, faction, fiction, substitution (sBs-T shon, \ 135, a), vocation, 

38. avocation, ignition, collection, vaccination, population, aboli- 

39. tion, ascension, descension, consternation, condescension, ani- 

40. mation, emanation, quotation, volition, violation, profession, 

41. profusion, provision, provisional, elongation, exultation, expor- 

42. tation, probation, approbation (3dpos. for distinction), recrim- 

43. ination, distribution, confession, attrition, renovation (Ray-N- 

44. Vskon), litigation, devastation, convention, station, stationary, 
43. inebriation, variation, agitation, conception, afnation, decora- 
46. tion {dec' ration), Hessian, sectional, prescription {prescription), 
4j. stimulation, prosecution, evolution, involution, supervision, 

48. remuneration, accumulation, communication, illumination, 

49. extension, condemnation, erection, assertion {S-Rayskon), 

30. reception, re-invasion, emulation, innovation, spoliation, pal- 

31. liation, evasion, invasion, abomination, continuation, amtnu- 

32. nition, dimension, celebration, discrimination, perpetration, 

33. admission, Bpnesians, elevation, remission, abbreviation, priva- 

34. tion, restriction (may omit K), solution, restitution, projection, 
33. execration, cooperation, logician, occasional, affliction, inscrip- 
36. tion, limitation, locomotion, repetition, selection, amputation, 
57. veneration, aggregation, dictation, coalition, inflammation, 

38. ovation, benefaction, alleviation, exclusion, notion, notions, 

39. elaboration, sustentation, legislation, consolation, devotion, 
60. devotional, emigration, impression, foundation, presumption, 
6/. submission, acclamation, acclimation, assassination, delusion, 

62. exertion, prevention, progression, expedition, revision, digres- 

63. sion, lamentation, restoration, resurrection, crucifixion, aspira- 

64. tion {aspiration), prolongation, termination, invocation, assim- 
63. ilation, decapitation, erudition, exportation, exhortation, 

66. dejection, adoration, affection, affectation, distraction, obtru- 

67. sion, derivation, suspicion, classification, edification, mechan- 
ic?, ician, distillation, stipulation, mansions, commotion, demoli- 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 1 35 

69. tiou, degradation, ruination, rumination, demonstration ( omit- 

\ jo. ting «), habitation, regulation, temptations, profanation, 

ji. deprivation, graduation, infatuation, inception, distinction 

72. (Steh loop), distortion, declaration, gradation, aberration, 

73. libation, distension, divination, sedition, adhesion (D-Hshon) t 

74. cohesion, divulsion {T>-V\shon) y aggression, revisional, revivi- 

75. fication, speculation, precipitation, coercion (~K-Ray sh on) , 
j6. revolutions, diffusion, revelation ( Rf-L,ajs/ion ) , ambition, 
yj. illustration, magician, passionate, mediation, repletion, inac- 

78. tion, institutions, putrefaction, suffusion, corruption, configur- 

79. ation, recreation, execution, completion, compression, suffo- 

80. cation, supererogation {sRr-Ray-Gskon ), cognation, cogita- 

81. tion, seclusion, cognition, computation, collation, collocation, 

82. collocution, collusion, repression, commemoration ( com : M- 

83. Ray shon ), syllabication, reparation, percussion, precaution, 

84. revocation, repulsion, politician, commendation, commensu- 

85. ration (comiNs-Rayshon) , comminution, stupefaction [sfPf-K.- 

86. s/1011), commiseration, submersion, commotion, practitioner, 
8/. commutation, compassion, compellation, complexion, compila- 

88. tion, compunction, conciliation, concoction, concussion, con- 

89. fabulation, confections, confectioner, conflagration, congela- 

90. tion, congregations, congregational, congressional, conjuga- 

91. tions, conjuration, conservation, consolidation, constructions, 

92. constriction, contemplation, contortion (con : ^-Ray shon) y 

93. contusion, convention, convolution, eruption, relegations 

94. ( Rl-Qskons) , preemptions {Rr-Mskons), excursion, personifica- 
93. tion, percolation, perambulation, melioration, amelioration, 
96. mastication, malformation, defalcation, irrigation. 

1. (p) Bshon Hook: — Exposition, accusation, position, posi- 

2. tions, disposition, dispositions, supposition, physicians, con- 

3. densation, dispensation, proposition, propositions, conversation, 

4. conversational, musician, secession, cessation, deposition, 

5. accession, accessions, requisition, imposition (Imps^shon), 

6. transition, transitions, abscission, decision, decisions, vex- 

7. ation, precision, succession, civilization, sensation, sensations, 

8. sensational, acquisition, acquisitions, taxation, incision, re- 

9. cision, recession, appreciation, persuasion, dissuasion (also 

10. written Ds-Wayskon) , causation, apposition, procession, pro- 

11. cessions, association, associations, authorization, depreciation, 

12. relaxation (Rl-Ks^shon), crystallization, compensation, pul- 



136 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

/j. sations, annexation, annexations, disquisition, perquisition, 
14. polarization (P-Lay-Rs^shon), preposition, generalization ( Jn 2 , 
75. general), realization (Rl 1 , real), negotiation. 

/. (q) Contrast: — Pose, position; converse, conversation; 

2. sense, sensation ; vex, vexation ; depose, deposition ; dispose, 

j. disposition ; relax, relaxation ; annex, annexation ; propose, 

4. proposition ; dispense, dispensation ; condense, condensation ; 

5. tax, taxation ; authorize, authorization ; accuse, accusation ; 

6. compose, composition ; muse, musician ; cause, causation ; 

7. suction, succession; vision, physician; conversion, con- 

8. versation ; action, accession ; caution, causation ; mission, 
p. musician. 

260. WRITING EXERCISE — FINAI, HOOK SENTENCES. 

i . The butcher gave-me some tough-beef. 2. The cool-( Kl )- 
breeze has-blown (Iss 2 -Bln) upon her through- the open window 
all-day. 3. I believe-the Professor will-prove his position to-be- 
the correct one, and-this solution of-the question will-give satis- 
faction. 4. The appearance of-the punster will furnish an-oc- 
casion for-applause. 5. By-his-own actions he brings condem- 
nation or commendation upon himself. 6. His lack of experi- 
ence caused- (Ks-D) the loss of-his lucrative-position when-his 
expenses were very-heavy. 7- Helen's disposition together- with 
her physical : condition will-cause-delay in-the preparations for-the- 
reception. 8. You-can learn by application and-practice, the 
formation (Frshon) of difficult-outlines in-the study of Phono- 
graphy. 9. We-can (like an L hook)-gain more by-persuasion 
than by-force. 10. Whatever- the difference in-opinion, speak 
your convictions truthfully and-bravely (Br-Vl). 11. His occu- 
pation chanced to-come (4th, pos. ) before my observation, and- 
his admission of deception caused commotion among-the active 
operatives (Vrtives). 12. We-will -strive to-fashion our work by- 
the directions furnished. 13. The chief can achieve his foul 
object with such a-keen weapon. 14. The exhibition will-prove 
a-fine attraction to-foreign-nations. 15. The woman will earn a- 
sustenance (sesTn-Ns) for-seven children, from-the-fine woolen 
cloth she-has spun and- woven. 16. The general opinion is-the 
inscription should-cover-the main-portion ( V-Ko.yshon ) of-the line. 
17. Upon thorough investigation (N-Vs^shon) of-the subject, we- 
think-he receives ample : compensation for-his labor. 18. The 
criminal feels very-keenly the degradation which-has-come upon 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. I37 

him. 19. The General has often expressed-his opinion upon-the 
subjection of-the Philippines. 20. John imagines he-can bring 
to remembrance anything which-he-has-known within-the past 
ten years. 21. The question concerning : the combination of-the 
lock puzzles-the man even now. 22. The pen was fine, though- 
plain in-finish. 23. Julian declines to-eat-the green-melon grown 
near-the-ravine. 24. The Roman, Dane, Norman, and-German 
all knew-the value of fine weapons. 25. Josephine and-I^ilian 
slacken their-pace as-they near-the long, lonely lane, and-sumrnon 
Nathan to-join them, and-enliven-the : conversation. 26. When- 
the peddler opens-his pack he-can show-you pins, buttons, 
chains, pens, fans, linen napkins, ribbons, plain and-fancy cuffs 
and-collars, brown linen, scarfs, gloves, and-much other stuff 
which-he calls finery, and-thinks attractive. 27. The brave man 
bears his-heavy-burden and-never murmurs nor: complains. 
28. The Gramophone will-reproduce-the music of-a horn, violin, 
saxophone, xylophone, and trombone, as- well-as- ( sLays 2 )-the 
human-voice. 29. Why do-the heathen rage, and-the people 
imagine a- vain thing? 30. "I-am-the vine, ye-are-the branches." 
31. Give every-man thine-ear, but few thy voice. 32. The worst 
of-men often give-the-best advice. 33. The irrational man, 
upon : conviction, commenced an - insurrection, which -was -the 
cause of -many prosecutions and-much litigation. 34. The 
Grecian and-the Hessian believe an-occasional renovation would- 
be an-innovation and-a benefaction. 35. The man in-his : con- 
versation talks of national isolation, corruptive associations, 
financial depression, and-general devastation. 36. The physician 
endeavors to-give consolation to-the (Void 4 ") mathematician by- 
telling him the assimilation of-the : confection will stop inflam- 
mation, cause alleviation of-the pain, and-make amputation 
unnecessary. 37. A-man with no-occupation and-n ©-determin- 
ation is-generally given to-dissipation . 38. The effectiveness 
of-the legislation is seen in-the distribution (may substitute Ster 
loop for sTr) of-provisions. 39. We-glanced at-the-dunce as-he 
danced against-the bronzed can of : condensed milk (Ml-K). 
40. John Brown makes many-pretenses, but few-responses. 41. 
The demeanor of-the drunken mechanic makes one think of-a 
maniac. 42. Julian, the Frenchman, was searching : his dic- 
tionary for-synonyms for "unanimous," "clemency," "vanish," 
"infringe," "monopolize," "lonely," and- " openness." 43. 
Mr. Atkins reclines in-his-chair, inclines-his head, and-awaits 



I3 8 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

a-response to -his question. 44. The deaf-man defies arrest. 
45. A- woman will-trim her gowns with green-muslin, brown-linen, 
silken-moreen, yellow-ribbon, and-much other finery. 46. Shun 
profane and-vain babblings. 47. Paul said a-woman should 
learn in-silence with all subjection. 48. Scorn no-man's love, 
though of-a mean degree. 49. Patience and-resignation are-the 
pillars of human-peace on-earth. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

LENGTHENING-. 

CURVED STROKES. 

261. (a) Any curved stroke except Ing and Imp may be 
lengthened to about twice its usual length to add the syllables 
tr, dr, thr, or thr. 

(b) Ing is lengthened to add the syllables kr, gr, or er. 

(c) Imp is lengthened to add er. 

STRAIGHT STROKES. 

262. (a) Straight strokes, when standing alone, should 
rarely be lengthened, as there would be no distinction between 
them and the same strokes doubled. 

(b) The advanced writer, however, may take the liberty of 
applying the lengthening principle to straight letters in some 
cases, but even he should do so cautiously. 

''IMPOSING" ON THE PRINCIPLE. 

263. (a) It is not wise, nor even safe, to " impose " on the 
lengthening principle by using it indiscriminately, even on curves, 
since four different syllables are added ; hence, if an uncommon 
or unfamiliar word is encountered, it would be advisable to write 
the stroke Tr, Dr, Thr, or Thr, rather than to lengthen for these 
syllables, for by the former one knows at sight what syllable is 
intended. 

(b) The extent to which a writer may apply the lengthening 
principle is commensurate to his general experience and his famil- 
iarity with the subject-matter. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 139 

POSITION OF LENGTHENED STROKES. 

264. A lengthened stroke is begun at the same point above 
or below the line that the corresponding natural length stroke 
would be begun at, the lengthened stroke being extended far 
enough to be clearly distinguished from the natural length; or, 
in other words, it may be said that the first half of the lengthened 
stroke occupies the desired position. 

VOWEL PRECEDING. 

265. A lengthened curve which is preceded by a vowel may 
be given more curvature to indicate that fact, thus distinguishing, 
bv an unvocalized form, between such words as alter and leader, 
older, elder, and later, letter, etc. 

ORDER OF READING. 

266. Syllables added by lengthening are read after all the 
vowels on the stroke, and before a final circle or a final hook ; 
hence we conclude that : 

A FINAL VOWEL. 

267. (a) An outline having a final vowel preceded by tr, 
dr, thr, thr, kr, gr, etc. , can not be written by lengthening the 
last stroke. 

(b) The above gives us a distinction, in unvocalized forms, 
between such words as center and sentry, feather and feathery, 
winter and wintry, anger and angry, enter and entry, water and 
watery, etc., etc. [See § 273, i for additional words in contrast.] 

(c) In the center of an outline, if a vowel follows tr, dr, kr, 
etc. the preceding stroke may usually be lengthened, and the 
vowel placed beside the following stroke, as in eccentric, nitric, 
etc. 

NOMENCLATURE . 

268. (a) The names of lengthened strokes are derived 
by adding to the name of the stroke one of the syllables for which 
a particular stroke may be lengthened. In the case of a stroke 
which is lengthened to add tr, dr, thr or thr, either of these 



140 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



syllables may be used in naming the stroke; for example, a 
lengthened Lay may be called "Lay/r," "Lay^r," "LayMr," or 
"Laythr." 

(b) If it is known what word is written, or is to be written, 
with the use of a lengthened stroke, it is advisable to apply the 
syllable contained in the word ; however, if it is not known what 
word is intended, it is desirable to apply one particular syllable in 
all cases, tr being generally applied to all strokes except Ing and 
Imp. 



269. 



ILLUSTRATION— \\ 261-269, 270, 5. 




fetter 
feather 



center 
sender 



latter 

ladder 

lather 



diameter 



flatterer 



modern 



shelter 



anchor 
anger 



sinker 

singer 

sing their 



bumpers 



:SL 



somber moderation 



eccentric 



fighter fetter 



M' 



fatter 



elder 



letter 



wintry 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



141 






\. 



water 



watery 



ringer 
ring their 



among their 



^A 



educator 



cutter conductor butter bother angry 



270. "THEIR," "THERE," "THEY- ARE" AND 

"other" ADDED. 

(a) The simple stroke wordsigns, both straight and curved, 
such as if in, by, for, etc. may be lengthened to add there, their, 
they-are, or other. 

(b) "Ing," though not lengthened for the syllable thr in 
single words, may be lengthened to add the above-mentioned 
words in phrasing. 

(c) Not only may the simple wordsigns be lengthened to add 
the above words, but almost any ordinary word ending in a stroke 
without a final hook or circle may be lengthened to add their, or 
there. 

(d) When a straight stroke is lengthened, it may be made to 
taper to a point at the end so as to make a distinction between a 
doubled stroke and a lengthened stroke, though this is of no 
great importance. 

(e) The following table contains a few of the most common 
phrases obtained by lengthening wordsigns. Some authors pre- 
sent them in lists of wordsigns ; but it is much preferable to present 
them in this manner, since they are formed according to a general 
principle and do not have to be memorized. But they must be 
familiarized, as must any other pinciple. 

if) If the student desires, he may carefully insert the signs 
to the right of the names. 



142 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



U) 



LENGTHENED WORD SIGNS. 



f by their 

Bthr 1 < by there 

(^by other 

-D4.-U-2 (be there 

Bthr jbe their 



to be there 
to be their 



Bthr 3 

Tthr 2 •! take their 



Tthr 3 {out there 

Dthr 2 

Dthr 3 



f do there 
• \ do their 



/had their 
\ had there 



Chaythr 1 < each other 

f which there 
-. t . « J which they are 

Chaythr 2 1 which their 

[change their 

Gaythr 1 i give their 

Gaythr 2 " < go there 

miiri f if there 

Ftnr 1 if their,-they are 



Fthr 2 



f for their 
' ( forthere,-they are 



T?rtlir2 (from there 

Frthr Ifrom their 



Vthr 2 .. 
Vrthr 1 . 



J have their 
" \ have there 

f over there 
' \ over their 



sVthr 2 < several other 



Rthr 2 . 



f are there 
' \ are their 



f think their 

Iththr 2 -I think there 

(^ think they are 

Thrthr 2 -f trough there 

ilirtnr \ through their 

{though there 
though their 
though they are 



Thrthr 2 < they are there 

fsee there 

Sthr 1 < see their 

tsaw their 

f so their 

Sthr 2 < so there 

tso they are 



Zthr 2 ,. . 
Laythr 2 
Ishthr 1 . 



f was t 

' X was t 



there 
heir 



f will there 
' X will their 

f wish there 
' 1 wish their 



tov,+v,^2 /shall there 

Ishthr 'I shall their 



Mthr 2 



f make their 
' X may their 



fin their 

Nthr 1 < in there 

(.in other 



wNthr 1 . 



f when there 
' X when their 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



143 



271. 



WORDSIGNS. 






further, farther 



of their 



3 

i 

4 



writer 



rather 



with their 



whether 



that there,-ir 



the other 



) 






yesterday- 



is there,-ir 



as-has there,-ir (third 
position) 



your order 



entire 



another 



no other 



longer 



144 



272. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 
READING EXERCISE. 



^^^ 



^t- 



L^ 




273. Direction to Student :— See that you understand 
thoroughly the explanations of the use of the lengthening prin- 
ciple, as distinguished from the use of the i? hook, before you 
proceed with this exercise. Write the single words six times ; 
the sentences twelve times. 

WRITING EXERCISE. 

/. (a) Ter Added: — voter, fighter, neater, Easter, eastern, 

2. easterly, meter, smattering, enter, entrance (Ntms), ther- 

j. mometer, material (omitting c), maternal (omitting e), lighter, 

4. later, sifter, swifter, rafter, hunters, litter, literal, literature 

5. (Layzfr-Tr), literary, literally, latter, sweeter, Walter, eccen- 

6. trie (See §267,*;), diameter, legislator, revolter (Rf-Lay/r), 

7. shutter, flutter, flitter, filters, flittered, flatter, flatterer, flat- 

8. tered, winter, wintered, welter, swelter (See §172), mutter, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 145 

9. muttered, oyster, oysters, wetter, waiters, water, Waterloo, 

10. water-proof, whiter, miter, nitre, neuter, neutral (or by halv- 
77. ing, Net-Rl), shatter, shattered (Ish/r-D), loiters, fatter, fetters, 
12. center, central (or by halving, sNet-Rl) y saunter, senator, 
ij. motor, theater, theatrical, latterly, barometer (as though 
14. barometer), speculator, promoter, shelter, shorter, dissenter, 
75. psalter (See \ 265), slaughter, slaughtered, slaughter-house, 

16. alteration (omitting a), reporter (Ray-P-Rayter), defaulter, 

17. re-enter, tempter, intricacy (See \ 267, c) , Australia, intrinsic. 

/. (b) Der Added: — older, order, elder, orderly, holder, stock- 

2. holder, disorder, disorderly, shudder, ardor, candor, Philander, 

j. ladder, leaders, alder, smolder, smoldered, wilderness, bewilder, 

4. bewildered, slander, slandered, slanderer, feeder, slender, fod- 

5. der, cinders, sender, surrender, surrendered, louder, Anderson, 

6. Saunders, Alexander, Henderson, madder, wader, wonder, 

7. wondered, tender, tenderness, render, fender, lender, calen- 

8. dar, cylinder, cylindrical, fonder, wander, wanderer, wan- 
p. dered, squander, kneader, hinder, hindered, hindrance, ca- 

10. thedral (or K-Ith-Drl), yonder, murder, murderer, murdered, 

11. flounder, sunder, asunder, vender, defender {F hook), pro- 

12. vender, engender, modern, federation (omitting a)> moder- 
/j. ation, moderate, Federal, Confederate. 

1. (c) Ther Added: — anthracite (omitting a), Luther, Arthur, 

2. Esther, panther, philanthropy (See \ 267, c) y philanthropist, 
j. philanthropic. 

7. (d) Ther Added : — leather, wither, withers, lather, mother, 

2. father, motherly, fatherly, fatherless, smotherless, smoother, 

j. Northern, Northerner, neither, another, thither, weather, 

4. further, furthermore, smother, smothered. 

7. (e) Kr Added : — banker, canker, winker, anchor, inker, 

2. Hankerson, sinkers, tinker, thinker, Bunker, Bunkerhill, 

j. hanker, rancor, franker, spanker, handkerchief, blinker, 

4. clinkers, drinker, anchorless, anchorage, anchored, flanker. 

7. (/) Gr Added: — finger, hunger, younger, linger, anger, 

2. Youngerson, monger, stronger, languor, clangor, conger. 

/. (g ) IJr Added : — Singer, stringer, wringer, slinger. 

7. (h) Br Added to Imp : — timber, simper, ember, umber, 

2. hamper, scamper, somber, romper, temporal (or T-Imp-Rl), 

j. amber, distemper, cumber, bumper, lumber (L or Lay), 



146 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

4. Hemper, limber, cucumbers, damper, cumbersome, dampers, 

5.- slumbers, slumberer, slumbered, stamper, thumper, chamber, 

6. pumper, jumper, dumper, temper, Chamberlain, pamper, 

7. plumper, tramper, limberness, limbered, camper, whimper, 

8. clamper, emperor (or Imp-Ray-Ray), Hamberlin, temporary 
g. (or T-Imp-Ray-Ray). 

/. {i) Contrast: — winter, wintry; sunder, sundry; center, 

2. sentry ; feather, feathery ; water, watery ; anger, angry ; 

j. hunger, hungry; Anderson, Andrew ; enter, entry; instructor, 

4. instructress ; smother, symmetry ; slaughter, sultry ; Alexan- 

5. der, Alexandria. 

(j ) SENTENCES — LENGTHENING. 

i. The hunter unshouldered his-gun, and-with swifter step, 
re-entered-the timber in -search of- the panther which, driven by 
hunger, had slaughtered many of-his sheep during-the winter. 
2. The elderly Australian banker and-his entire family have-gone 
to- Alexandria (See § 267) to-visit his father and-mother. 3. The 
father of Arthur and- Walter Alexander is very illiterate and- 
eccentric. 4. Neither-the-senator nor-the speculator will-be at- 
the theater. 5. The disagreeable-weather renders-it necessary 
for-the-pro vender to-have a-shelter. 6. The bewildered slanderer 
and-defaulter wanders hither and-thither, but-it-is believed he-will- 
surrender to-the-Federal officer, as he-has-no-defender. 7. We 
often wonder why-the younger man is-the stronger. 8. Sanders, 
the murderer, was an-inveterate drinker. 9. Is-there no-other- 
way to-go-there ? 10. Yes, there-is another-way. 11. Any^other- 
way is preferable. 12. The singer's anger was-the cause of- the 
disorder. 13. The Federals and : Confederates had a-fierce : conflict 
at Chickamauga and-Murfreesboro. 14. The intricacy of- the plan 
was-bewildering, even to-a deep thinker. 15. The leader of- the 
federation was furthermore a stockholder in-the Anderson Lumber 
Company, of Centerville. 16. The candor and-ardor of- Luther is 
remarkable. 17. If- we-linger longer the slender waiter will-bring- 
us some oysters from-the-table yonder. 18. The thermometer 
and-the-barometer are very useful in a-weather-bureau office. 

19. The legislator desires to-talk to-the-voters of Henderson. 

20. The younger Mr. Youngerson is-a vender of-leather, fodder, 
feathers, and-green-cucumbers. 21. I- will ask-you further to-tell- 
the- Judge whether-you-were then-residing in-the-eastern, central, 
or northern section of-the state. 22. The linen handkerchief is- 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. I47 

the neater-one. 23. Your-order for-sundries came yesterday. 
24. We-would rather have another of-their longer variety as-they- 
are considerably smoother than the-others. 25. The instructor 
and-the instructress were angry when-they entered-the Cathedral 
and-saw that-there was-no holy water in- which to-dip-their fingers. 
26. The vessel was-anchored on-the still water. 27. We- will-be- 
there when-their sweeter singers sing-their ( § 270, b) sweet-melo- 
dies. 28. The writer is familiar with-their peculiar-literature. 
29. The longer they-stay-there, the more they hinder and-anger- 
the literary reporter. 30. We-shall-go-there and-gather Easter- 
lilies for Philander-David, the philanthropist. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

HALVING. 

GENERAI, RUIvE. 

273. Any stroke may be halved to add a final t or d, subject 
to the conditions and exceptions set forth in \\ 274-283. 

STROKES WITH HOOKS. 

274. Any stroke containing a hook may be halved to add 
either t or d. 

"I,," "R," "M," AND "N" SHADED FOR "D." 

275. (a) When L, R, M, or JV with no hook attached, is 
halved to add d , it should be shaded, (b) No confusion can arise 
between any one of the above strokes shaded for d y and a corre- 
sponding heavy half length stroke, as may be seen by reading the 
following section : 

CORRESPONDING HEAVY STROKES. 

276. When no hook is attached, the heavy strokes Yay, 
Way, Imp, and Ing (corresponding to the light strokes men- 
tioned in above section ) are never halved. 

"I,AY" AND "RAY" HALVED FOR " D." 

277. When the joining is convenient, L and R ( not Lay and 
Ray) should be used when halved for d, and consequently shaded, 



148 'SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

in accordance with section 275 above; but if the junction for the 
downward form is tedious or impossible, as in muzzled, domiciled, 
rivaled \ feared ', mired, impaired, etc., then Lay and Ray may be 
halved ( unshaded ) for d. 

"ray" without a hook. 

278. Ray without a hook is never halved standing alone; 
hence such words as write, rate, route, etc., are written with two 
strokes; but word, wired, rent, rained, arrived, etc., requiring a 
hook on Ray, are written with half-length Ray. 

"HAY" RAREI/V HALVED. 

279. Hay is rarely ever halved, since words are usually best 
expressed by using the tick or the dot on the T or D strokes ; how- 
ever, there are few cases where it may be halved to advantage, as 
in behaved, behead, drawhead, etc. , but in no case, does the author 
think it advisable to halve this stroke standing alone. 



VOWEL BETWEEN "D" AND PRECEDING "i," OR U R." 

280. (a) When a vowel occurs between d and a preceding 
L or R stroke the stroke D should be used. 

(b) The above rule, framed by the author of this work, 
governs the writing of a large number of words which other 
authors have provided for by giving several complicated rules, 
hard to understand and harder to apply. The rule as above given, 
secures a distinction by unvocalized outlines between such words 
as old and load, word and worried, nailed and inlaid, soiled and 
stolid, hired and ride, pulled and pallid, stored and storied, marred 
and married, tarred and tarried, etc. (also refer to Contrast in 
writing exercise ). 

TWO VOWELS BETWEEN. 

281. {a) When two vowel signs occur between t or d and a 
preceding consonant, the stroke Tor D must be used. 

(b) This rule secures a distinction between such words as 
quite {Ket) and quiet (K- T) , fight and fiat, laughed and La Fayette, 
died and diet, tried and triad, etc. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 149 



ONLY TWO CONSONANTS. 



282. (a) When a word with only two consonants ends with 
t or d, the first consonant being preceded and followed by a vowel, 
the stroke T or D must be used . 

(b) This rule secures a distinction between the outlines for 
such words as late and elate, cute and acute, mid and amid, bode 
and abode, foot and afoot; bet and #£^, bat and abbots knit and 

NOT JOINED. 

283. Any two strokes ( except M and N) which are not 
joined with an angle, should not be joined if one, or both, of the 
strokes is a half length, as in popped, judged, effect, litigate, 
lashed, looked, etc. 

The above words are best written with the strokes T and D, 
as follows: P-P-D, J-f-D, F-K-T, Lay-T-Gt, Lay-Shay-D, Lay- 
K-D, respectively ; however, occasionally it is advantageous and 
even necessary to disjoin or il lap" the half length where the 
stroke T 'or D would make the outline long and tedious, as in pit- 
a-pat, traded, treated, detained, (Dt-Nd), straightened {sTrt-Nd), 
deadened (Dd-Nd), etc. 

NOMENCLATURE. 

284. (a) The short sound of e (e ) is usually applied between 
the name of the stroke halved and the t or d, half length strokes 
being pronounced strictly in accordance with Section 1 10. 

(b) Speaking in a general way, we usually apply the sound 
of t in speaking of half length strokes ; however, they may be 
called by adding d, since most strokes are halved for both. Some- 
times when endeavoring to read shorthand it is advisable to apply 
both in order to get a sound more closely resembling the word 
intended ; for example, Fet would suggest Fat while fad would be 
suggested by Fed. 

(c) For similar reasons it is sometimes advantageous to apply 
the vowel before the stroke halved, as in aft, which the outline 
eFt suggests, while fat is suggested better by Fet. Notice also 
humped (suggested by eMt), met, mate, mote, (suggested by Met). 
One may go even to the extent of calling a half length P "ePt" 
(which suggests apt), or K " eKt" (which suggests act), and so 
on, applying either t ov din connection with a vowel either before 
or after the stroke, but ordinarily the outlines will be suggestive 
enough if called in the simplest way, as Pet, Tet, Ret, Fet, etc. 



150 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



(d) In the case of strokes with R or L hooks the vowel may 
be used either after the stroke and hook, or between them, as 
PU = PU t or Pelt ( also called Pled or Peld)\ Prt=Pret or Pert 
( also Pred or Perd ) . 

(e) Half lengths with two hooks attached are also usually 
pronounced in the simplest way, and in accordance with Sec- 
tion no. 



285. 



ILLUSTRATION — ? ? 273-283. 



A ^ ^ 



v r~ 



bet 
bed 



iS 



bred 



bent 
bend 



crowned 



r. 



lends 



.x 



wild 



1-^- 

hoard mode 



Ned 



^ZJr 



around meant wound 

mend 



old 



A. 



f. 



net mote 



hurt 



let 

-^ *=* *^ <*3 V 

wound impend impatient sanctioned puzzled 



A. 



r -ri 



c 



^ 



yawned 



muzzled 



ZL 



rifled write written wired rained load 

rivaled 



IL- 



road soiled. solid 



*a 



fight 



fiat 



^TT^ 



J^ 



elate foot afoot judged 



late 



T, 



detained treated 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



151 



286. 



READING EXERCISE. 



o\\ 



r ... ^ 



^ ^, ' ^ - ■*. 



^ \ ^- i- 



•) 



I e > ^ ^ -i- ^ / > 






-b-*- 



AJl 



,r 



— ^ f zj - ^ r 



M. 



\^5^ 



_^D 



,/ ^> "L 



J-^V 



s> K 



^H- 






^-^^^ 



^ 






*QJ^. 



At/i' \ 



IL^V^/7 VP K , 



152 



287. 



. put 



\ 

\ beauty 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 
HALF-I^NGTH WORD SIGNS. 
A wit 



\ 



. about 



^ 






. doubt 



. could 



.good 



, feature,-ed 



after 



. future 



A. 



, of it 



, evident, -ence 



, Lord, read, ordinary,-ly 



.that 



) 



without 



. astonish, -ed,-ment 



i establish, -ed,-ment 



) 



— L as it, has it, hesitate,-d,-tion 

r 



r 



. little 



JL 



.lead 



world 



i immediately 



interior 



m nature [Net 2 -L, natural] 



2. 



until 



. under, hundred 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



153 



\ 

, a particular, -ly 



J^ 






opportunity 



superintend,-ed,-ence,-ent 



- ability, build, -ing, built 






able to, behold, beheld 



. behind 



. exhibit,-ed 



J 



• 



-delinquent [Dlen, 1 delin- 
quency ] 

. gentlemen 



j/- 



gentleman 



. accord,-ed,-ance,-ing,-ingly 



_ cannot 



~ account, county 



r 



■ quality 



- will not 



. amount,-ed 



. movement 



. throughout 



. at hand 



. on either hand 



JL, 



on the other hand 



CT^ 



. on the one hand 



. somewhat 



$ — ^ sometime 



°\ 



__ , in order 



_^ spirit,-ed 



154 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

288. Direction to Student:— (a) The following exercise 
should be practiced by sections until you are able to write the 
various words without hesitation, (b) With this, as with all 
writing exercises, you should read back from your notes what you 
have written, (c) A good plan is to have the words read to you 
promiscuously from the various sections until you can write and 
read any of them without hesitation. 

WRITING EXERCISE. 

/. (a) T Added: — Pit, peat, Pete, pout, compute, pot, pet, pate, 

2, compete, apt, pat, debt, date, dot, dote, let, late, lit, lute, light, 

j. lot, halt, hilt, Holt, feet, feat, fight, fate, fought, fat, aft, foot, 

4. fit, vote, vat, bit, beet, beat, bite, bait, bat, bought, boat, quoit, 

5. quit, quite, bet, boot, cheat, chat, chit, meet, meat, might, 

6. mit, met, humped, mate, mat, moat, moot, mute, toot, tut, Tate, 

7. tote, tot, taught, tight, doubt, sheet, shut, shout, shot, shote, 

8. shoot, chute, cut, coat, kite, kit, cat, act, Kate, note, net, neat, 
p. gnat, ant, aunt, knit, not, knot, night, knight, naught, nut, 

10. hunt, haunt, hint, cute, coot, caught, cot, got, goat, get, gout, 

11. gate, gait, jot, jut, jet, jute, oft, east, iced, highest, hacked, 

12. hawked, thought, let. 

/. (b) D Added : — Bead, bed, bayed, bade, bad, bid, did, bode, 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 



bud, bide, pod, pad, paid, dad, deed, died, dyed, dead, dude, 
toed, fed, fad, fade, feud, food, tide, toad, chewed, joyed, jade, 
Jude, Judd, jawed, shied, God, goad, gad, guide, shed, shad, cod, 
shod, code, pied, Boyd, tied, Todd, Dodd, shade, chide, chid, 
kid, cud, cooed, cad, vied, void, viewed, quad, quid, eased, 
oozed, Zade, Zed, ke}^ed, thud, thawed, aged, edged, hushed, 
ached, eked, itched, etched, aped, ebbed, hugged, hashed. 

(c) I/, R, M, and N Sliaded to Add D:— Maude, meed, 
mead, hummed, mud, mood, hemmed, maid, made, aimed, 
mode, mowed, mad, mewed, mid, need, gnawed, nude, node, 
end, Ned, hand, hound, hind, honed, commend, command, com- 
muned, nod, hold, healed, hauled, heeled, hailed, held, hulled, 
hard, hoard, Howard, hired, herd, heard, aired, erred, old, 
ailed, oiled. 

(d) With Initial Iss— T or D:— Spite, spot, spade, spied, 
spat, sapped, send, signed, sound, snowed, Sneed, spout> 
soaked, sagged, soaped, sobbed, sopped, smite, smote, summit 
smut, seemed, seamed, soiled, sold, sailed, sealed, ceiled, con- 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 1 55 

5. cealed, soared, sword, consumed, saved, sift, soft, sipped, con- 

6. ceived, scout, conceited, conceded, cited, sighted, suited, seated, 
y. sated, sided, scat, sacked, skate, Scott, squat, squad, sect, sod- 
8. ded, sleet, slit, silt, slat, slate, slot, slight, soured, seared, sized, 
g. seized, saint, scent, senate, sent, scud, skid, snout, sedate, sin- 
10. ned, sunned, summed, cyst, sort, sand, socket, salute. 

1. 0) With Final Iss— -T or D:— Pits, pets, cheats, beats, 

2. beets, beads, pats, pads, quads, bats, baits, chats, votes, fights, 
j. mats, mits, shoots, fits, feats, feeds, tots, mates, coats, acts, 

4. bits, knots, dotes, dots, lights, pots, pods, notes, nodes, needs, 

5. nuts, deeds, mutes, dudes, hints, codes, cuts, goats, goads, 

6. modes, moats, meets, meats, thoughts, beds, shouts, moods, 

7. duds, sheets, shuts, cats, shades, halts, boats, boots, gates, nights, 

8. gnats, bites, motes, gets, holds, kites, haunts, hunts, dates, debts, 

9. quoits, [| 181, a], slights, sleets, salts, slits/slats, spats, spits, 

10. scuds, speeds, spots, spites, squads, squats, snouts, sorts, sands, 

11. slates, spades, smites, smuts, summits, saints, slots, sockets, 

12. cents, scents, sends, senates, sounds, skids, sects, skates, swords, 

13. salutes, cysts (also s^Ts). 

00 With R Hook — T or D :— Pride, pried, proud, Pratt, 
prayed, bride, bright, brute, brayed, braid, broad, brat, brought) 
j. bread, bred, brood, brad, treat, treed, tried, trite, tread, trade> 

4. trait, trued, uttered, dried, dread, trout, trot, trod, throat, thread, 

5. threat, freed, shroud, fret, Fred, afraid, shrewd, fright, fried, 

6. fraud, fraught, cried, concrete, crate, crowd, kraut, crowed, 
greed, greet, grit, agreed, grade, great, grate, honored, creed, 
crude, cured, curd, guard, gored, gourd, geared, occured, bored, 
board, bard, barred, cheered, ford, fort, afford, sheared, beard, 

10. court, child, assured, third, jeered, part. 

1. {g) With 1, Hook — T or D:— Plead, plight, plied, com- 

2. plied, complete, plowed, played, plate, plait, plot, plod, plaid, 
j. plat, Platte, blight, blot, blood, bled, blade, bleat, bloat, 

4. bleed, addled, huddled, float, fleet, flute, flit, flight, flat, filled, 

5. Floyed, flayed, fled, flood, flowed, clot, Claude, cloud, clawed, 

6. clod, clad, cleat, glut, glued, glowed, glad, glide, guild, guilt, 

7. gilt, gold, fold, fooled, failed, told, bold, killed. 

1. (h) With Initial Iss and Initial Hook :— Sprout, Spratt, 

2. sprite, spread, sprayed, sobered, strode, straight, strait, strayed, 
j. strewed, stride, street, secret, sacred, succored, supplied, split, 



156 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

4. suppled, saddled, settled, cycloid, cycled, Sivlette, schooled, 

5. skilled, scaled, scold, scald, sculled, screwed. 

/. (i) With Initial Hook and Final Iss:— Breeds, breads, 

2. brides, broods, bleeds, bleats, blights, blots, bloats, blades, 

j. gloats, floods, floats, fleets, flats, flights, frights, frets, freights, 

4. fruits, greets, plates, grades, frauds, dreads, Fred's, brutes, 

5. glides, Clyde's, Claude's, creeds, carts, cards, plights, plods, 

6. pleads, treats, treads, trots, traits, threads, threats, brads, plots, 

7. guards, gourds, courts, cords, shrouds, shirts, birds, forts, fords, 

8. folds, boards, affords, clods, cleats, crates, grates, glades, 
p. gilds, guilds, clouds, grits, flits. 

J - CO With Small Final Hook : — Pint, pined, pinned, point, 

2. pained, paint, painting, pant, panned, pawned, opened, pond, 

j. pent, penned, pending, pound, spent, spend, spent, suspend, 

4. spanned, puffed, paved, bound, abound, bounding, band, bond, 

5. boned, bind, binding, bend, bent, buffed, abaft, tint, taint, 

6. taunt, tinned, tent, tend, attend, tanned, contend, content, 

7. contending, toned, tuned, attuned, attained, stunt, stint, 

8. stained, sustained, stoned, stand, constant, stuffed, staved, 
p. dined, dunned, dawned, downed, daunt, don't, dint, dent, 

10. donned, saddened, doffed, daft, deft, chinned, chant, chained, 

11. achieved, chafed, chaffed, joined, joint, jaunt, ginned, gent, 

12. coined, count, coned, kind, canned, caned, Kent, scant, 

13. scanned, second, secant, sickened, skinned, caved, skiffed, 

14. scoffed, scuffed, gaunt, gowned, gunned, gained, gift, round, 
75. rend, rent, rant, ranting, rending, Rand, rained, reigned, 
16. reined, ruined, rind, raved, roved, rift, arrived, raft, roofed, 
*7. roughed, reft, faint, feint, feigned, fanned, find, fined, found, 

18. fond, font, fount, offend, softened, vent, vend, veined, vined, 

19. around, ironed, earned, concerned, surround, waned (Wnd or 

20. wNd. See $274), thinned, lined, leaned, lint, lent, lend, 

21. loaned, land, landing, slant, silent, salient, yawned (Ynd or 

22. jyNd), shined, shunned, commissioned, mind, mined, meant, 

23. mint, mend, amend, amending, mount, mounting, mound, 

24. moaned, manned, summoned, impend, impending, impugned, 

25. annoint, annointing, anent, sonant, consonant. 

/. {k) Same, With Circle Added '.—Paints, pints, pounds, 

2. points, pants, spends, suspends, bounds, abounds, bands, 

j. bonds, bends, binds, tints, taints, taunts, tents, tends, attends, 

4. contends, contents, stints, stunts, stands, tufts, dints, dents, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 157 

5. daunts, chants, chintz, jaunts, gents, joints, kinds, counts, 

6. secants, seconds, gifts, rounds, rents, rends, rants, rinds, rifts, 

7. rafts, finds, fonts, founts, feints, offends, vends, vents, sur- 

8. rounds, lends, lands, slants, menjis, amends, mounds, mounts, 
p. minds, mints, impends, annoints, consonants. 

/. (/) Witli I/arge Final Hook: — Patient, patients, con- 

2. ditioned, cautioned, quotient, quotients, auctioned, fashioned, 

j. visioned, motioned, impatient, impassioned, ancient, ancients, 

4. sanctioned, cushioned, suspicioned, stationed, occasioned. 

/. (tri) With Initial and Final Hooks: — Print, printing, 

2. pruned, plant, planting, planned, planed, complained, com-* 

j. plaint, brand, branding, bland, blind, blinding, blount, blend, 

4. blending, Blount, browned, brunt, brained, bluffed, trained, 

5. trend, trending, contrived, drift, drifting, draft, drafting, 

6. drained, drowned, darned, droned, churned, adjourned, craft, 

7. craned, curved, craved, carved, cleaned, crowned, crooned, 

8. Clift, cleft, graft, grieved, grant, grained, grunt, grind, grind- 

9. ing, groaned, ground, aground, grand, grinned, gleaned, 

10. greened, gland, glint, graved, warned, flint, flaunt, friend, 
//. frowned, front, frond, confront, throned, shrined, mourned. 

7. (n) Same with Circles: — Prints, plants, complaints, 

2, brands, blounts, blends, blinds, trends, drafts, drifts, crafts, 

j. clefts, grafts, grants, grounds, grinds, grunts, glands, glints, 

4. flints, flaunts, fronts, fronds, friends, strand, strands, strained, 

5. constrained, constraint, constraints, screened. 

1. ( o ) A Full X/ength and a Half-X,ength:— Polite, pulled, 

2. paged, packed, picked, piked, picket, packet, poked, peeked, 
3- P e gg e d, poached, appetite, pumped, pirate, pallet, pellet, com- 

4. piled, compelled, approached, appreciate, private, prompt, 

5. preached, primed, plumed, plummet, pricked, plucked, plaudit, 

6. pledged, plumped, papered, patent, payment, opulent, appar- 

7. ent, parent, potent, petitioned, plunged, preclude, pungent, 

8. pavement, penitent, profound, profaned, pretend, poisoned, 
p. apostate, peasant, pleasant, puzzled, president, prospered, 

10. baked, backed, booked, bucket, budget, beget, begot, begged, 

11. budged, belate, bullet, belled, billed, baled, berate, behead, 

12. bathed, bumped, betide, blacked, blocked, bloomed, blamed, 

13. bracelet, submit, brigade, breathed, brushed, brunette ( see 

14. § 283 ), Bridget, brocade, bragged, broached, brimmed, brooked, 
75. bromide, bleached, blanched, bunched, betrayed, befriend, be- 



158 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

16. reft, bereaved, behaved, beckoned, brilliant, bemoaned, brisket, 

1 j, biscuit, basket, basement, subsequent, abscond, tapped, topped, 

18. tacked, tact, attacked, tucked, ticket, ticked, tagged, tugged, 

19. touched, tempt, attempt, tamed, attached, toothed, teethed, 

20. tribute, tripped, trapped, tripod, attribute, trudged, tracked, 

21. tract, trucked, tricked, toughened, tired, tarred, trimmed, 

22. trailed, stretched, strict, striped, stripped, stroked, strapped, 

23. tackled, tickled, tangent, tramped, trumped, tyrants, itinerate, 

24. troubled, traveled, triplet, trickled, trebled, triblet, trifled, 

25. truckled, outsped, outspeed, treasured, outspread, outskirt,strin» 

26. gent, duped, dipped, depute, debate, dubbed, daubed, docket, 
2j. docked, ducat, decades, decoyed, digged, dimmed, condemned, 

28. adored, Edward (D-Rd), dragged, drugged, drugget, drudged, 

29. dreamed, drummed, drooped, dropped, dripped, draped, draw- 

30. head, decided, despot, despite, dissect, dissent, disowned, de- 

37. signed, decent, descends, descent, disputes, desolate, degrade, 

32. decried, defraud, defrayed, demand, demeaned, diamonds, dab- 

33. bled, dappled, deplete, deployed, depend, deepened, Edmund, 

34. dampened, devoted, divided, defeated, deprived, depraved, 

35. dethroned, disappoint, desponds, disband, destined, dismounts, 

36. discounts, desecrate, desperate, destroyed, disagreed, distilled, 
3J. displayed, disabled, descried, checked, chalked, chipped, 

38. chapped, chopped, cheeped, chucked, chimed, chummed, 

39. charred, chirped, charmed, cheapened, choicest, Egypt, agitate, 

40. eject, jacket, joked, jagged, jogged, jigged, jugged, jailed, 

41. Joliette, Juliet, jarred, jammed, jumped, giants, adjacent, gib* 

42. let, giblets, japanned, coped, copied, Cupid, cooped, capped, 

43. cupped, cadets, curate, caret, carat, carrot, kept, comet, calmed, 

44. covet, caveat, coward, camped, acquiesed, sketched, scotched, 

45. skimmed, succumbed, clapped, clipped, clubbed, clutched, 

46. clothed, climbed, climate, acclimate, claimed, acclaimed, 
4j. client, clashed, cropped, crabbed, cribbed, crashed, crushed, 

48. crocheted, crawled, curled, cravats, curbed, curvet, creamed, 

49. cramped, crimped, screamed, scrubbed, scratched, scrawled, 

30. couplets, careened, candid, keenest, coupled, excellent, 

31. closeted, crucified, crescent, crisped, clasped, culprit, crippled, 

32. clapboard, clabbered, culvert, claimant, clamored, Clement, 

33. equivalent, covenants, scrupled, gapped, gaped, gamed, gamut, 

34. gummed, gashed, gushed, gasped, gleamed, galloped, glim- 
33. mered, grabbed, grubbed, gripped, grouped, groped, growled, 
36. grilled, grudged, greyhound, grasped, gobbled, goblet, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 1 59 

37. augment, grappled, groveled, graveled, hatchet, Hackett, 

3S. hatred, husband, household [See \ 277], ripped, reaped, roped, 

39. repeat, repute, repaid, robed, robbed, ribbed, rubbed, raided, 

60. radiate [§182], irritate, racket, raked, 'racked, ragged, rigged, 

61. rugged, reeked, wrecked, reached, wretched, ratchet, rigid, 

62. urged, rolled ( Ray considerably inclined ) , reeled, riled, roiled, 

63. railed, rocket, rocked, ricket, rushed, wreathed, writhed, resent, 

64. recent, resound, recind, reasoned, resigned, resolute, result, 
63 . resort, receipted, recited, resided, received, replied, rippled, re- 

66. plete, record, regret, recruit, regard, retreat, Robert, recurred, 

67. recoiled, wormed ( Md, being shaded, may, with care, be 

68. joined), warmed, warped, revealed, reveled, rivaled, rivulet, 

69. ruffled, revolt, rifled, repent, ripened, re-opened, refined, 

70. refund, re-appoint, regent, urgent, recount,.reckoned, regained, 
fi. serpent, servant, ornament {Ren-Mnt)^ retrieved, famed, 

72. fumed, foamed, fetched, filed, feared [$277], fired, fared, fasted, 

73. feasted, fisted, phosphate, fastened (Fs-Nd), flipped, flapped, 

74. flopped, flamed, fletched, floweret (or Flr-T), flashed, flushed, 
73. fleshed, fledged, foiled, fluent, affluent, framed, frigate, fro- 

76. ward, finest, frizzled, favorite, flickered, flippant, frustrate, 

77. ferment, fleshened, flagrant, fragrant, vivid, vitiate, vapid, 

78. veiled, vouched, voyaged, violate, violet, volute, visited, 

79. visaged, visored, valiant, violent, vacant, volant, vibrate, evap- 

80. orate (as though evaporate), vainest, volumed, evolved, over- 

81. hauled, visionist [St may be written upward ), vagrant, visitant, 

82. orbit, orbed, armed, remit, remote, roamed, reamed, rimmed, 

83. rhymed, roomed, rammed, erect, orchid, argued, harped, 

84. harmed, surmount, surrogate, remained, remind, arrogant, 
83. remand, orchard, Richard (R-Chrd), hearkened, resumed, 
86. irresolute, oracled, wayward, westward, award, awaited, 
8/. awakened, wizard, thinnest, threshed, thrashed, thrift, thrived, 

88. threshold, estate, espied, eschewed, escheat, asked, assault, 

89. assailed, assert, assort, assumed, aslant, assailant, askant, 
go. aspirate, astride, associated, assistant, assistants, zeolite, 
gi. Zanette, zealot, zealots, zibet, zonate, leaped, loped, lapped, 

92. eloped, I^evite, elevate, alleviate, lamed, loved, lived, lift, 

93. laughed, laved, left, loft, lobed, lappet, limed, limbed, latched, 

94. elated, alighted, allotted, eluded, loaded, lodged, alleged, 
93. leeched, laureat, lowered, lulled (L-Ld), lolled, lumped, 

96. limped, walnut, slipped, slapped, slept, slopped, slammed, 

97. lizard, lessened, Albert, Alfred, labored, elaborate, lisped, 



160 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

g8. lasted, listed, eloquent, elegant, element, elephant, Levant, 
gg. lament, latent, ailment, lambent, lenient (two ways), legend, 
too. leopard, lee- ward, liberate ( as though liberate), slippered, sil" 

101. vered, slivered, alignment, illustrate, solvent, insolvent, lacer- 

102. ate, shift, shaft, shaved, shoved, shopped, shipped, shaped, 
ioj. shamed, ashamed, shocked, shagged, sheathed, sheaved, 
104. cheviot, shirked, sharked, shrieked, shrugged, sugared 
ioj. (Shay-), shelved, shoveled, shuffled, shivered (Shay-), show- 
106. bread, shepherd, chagrined (Shay-), shriveled, sharpened, 
ioj. malt, melt, mailed, mulled, mold, mauled, milled, millet, 
108. mocked, maimed, moped [See \ 283], mapped, mopped, mob- 
iog. bed, imitate, miffed, matched, methods, Methodist, moved, 
no. smoothed, marred [See §277], misquote, musket, mascot, 
in. masked, smoked, mouthed, muzzled [See $277], simulate, 
112. stimulate, marked, imminent (Mn-Nt), eminent, minuend, 
11 j. meanest, employed, implant, implied, muffled, moments, 
114. stimulant, stimulants, amusement, amusements, amazement, 
775. miscount, miscounts, miscreant, monument, impotent, 
7/6. impeached, import (Mp-Rei), impaired (Mp-Red), impudent, 
777. nipped, napped, nabbed, naked, knocked, nugget, nagged, 
118. notched, nudged, inlet, nailed, untied, annotate, inmate 
ng. ( practice joining), animate, named, invade, gnashed, enjoyed, 
120. ingot, nitched, inched, insect, innocent, insert, invert, invent, 
7^7. ingrate, include, intrude, entreat, incurred, infant, enchant, 

122. nascent, nestled, Unionist (^upward), enumerate, enervate, 

123. engraved, negatived. 

7. (p) A Half-I/ength and a Full-I/ength : — Potato, 

2. petal ( P-Dl, pedal \ if necessary for distinction ) , patella, potash, 

3. Petway, prudish, portico, protege, pattern, particle, printer, 

4. spindle, splinter, suspender, spontaneous, protection, pro- 

5. tective, prediction, predication, battle, bottle, badly, beetle, 

6. beautify, bottom, biter, beater, bitter, better, bedeck, badness 

7. [| 283 ], boat-house, bedside, bedsore, bardish, breadless, 

8. brightly, broadly, bridal, bundle, boundless, bandage, abandon, 
g. bandore, bantam, Bidwell, beautiful, betoken, betulin, bittern, 
10. boatman, bedstraw, Baldwin, Baltimore, Tatum, trotter (or 
77. 7>-7>), trader ( or Tr-Dr)> tendon, tantalize, tentative, atten- 

12. tive, tradesman, treadle ( or Tr-Z?l)> detach, deadly, Dudley, 

13. doubter, detail, detain [§283], doubtless, debtor, detective, 

14. detection, dedication, deductive, deduction, dauntless, identify, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. l6l 

13. identity, daftness, deftness, doubtful, dreadful, drummed, 
1 6. dreamed, Cheatham, Chatham, childish, childless, chieftain, 
i j. jetsam, jointless, jointed, jointly, jauntily, judicative, judicial, 

18. judiciary, Judson, cattle, kettle, cutlass, actual, actuate, cotton, 

19. kitten, cottage, catsup, cloudless, curtail, courtly, cordial, 

20. cordially, curdle (or Kr-Dl), cradle ( or Kr-Dl), courthouse, 

21. credit, cartage, kindly ( K?id-Lay) kindness, kindle (Knd-Lay), 

22. Canton, Kentucky, candle, counter ( or by lengthening), 

23. countless, scandal, scantly, secondly, secondary {sKnd-Ray), 

24. scantness, scantily, scuttle, cuticle, cottager, critical, credible, 

25. Clinton, October, scrutiny, scrutinize, secretary, goodly, Godly, 

26. goodness, gladly, greatly, greedily, gratify, greatness, gradu- 
<?/. ate, gradual, grandly, grandness, gauntly, gadsman, Groutzer, 

28. grateful, retain, written, writing, routine, rotten, rattle, ratify, 

29. certain, article, roundly, roundness, random, Randle, rundle, 

30. fatal, feudal, fitly, futile, fitness, fatten, footless, feetless, fade- 

31. less, fatness, fatalist, fruitless, fertile, freedom, frighten, flatly, 
j 2. flatness, flatten, faultless, flotsam, phantom, fountain, 

33. Fenton, fiendish, faintness, faintish, faintly, frantic, fitful, 

34. fateful, fruitful, frightful, virtual, virtually, virtuous, vertical, 
33. vertically, vertebra, overture, vertigo, verdigris, vertebral, 
36. vitriol, venture, venthole, ventless, ventilation, vindicative, 
j/. vindication, retail, ritual, retire, artery, artless, heartless, arti- 

38, fice, ordeal, redeem, arduous, return, oriental, hardly, artful, 

39. hurtful, redemption, stereotype, thoughtful, throttle, thought- 
4.0. less, threaten, thirdly, thirteen, thunder, authentic, threatful, 

41. Thornton, estop, esteem, astir, Austin, Aston, Austria, estima- 

42. tion, Zodiac, zedoary, zittern, Zedekiah, lately, lightly, lighten, 

43. lateness, lightness, lighthouse, lottery, linden, London, Landon, 

44. lantern, silently, insolently, landsman, Ashton, shortness, 
43. shortens, shortly, shrewdly, shrewdness, metal, mettle, mottle, 

46. motley, meatless, mitamus, mature, meddle, medal, model, 

47. modal, medley, madly, madam, mutual, modish, modify, mad- 

48. den, maiden, madness, medial, mortuary, mintage, maintain, 

49. mountain, mantel, mental, medical, maudlin, matron, modishly, 

30. meditation, meditative, modulation, medication, nightly, 

31. Newton, antic, antique, nettle, needle, needless, noodle, nodal, 

32. neatness, century, sentence, sentences, sentenced, soundly, 

33. soundness, wanton, central, sentinel, neutral, neutralize, neu- 

34. tralized, neutralization, nightfall, nightmare, intention, inti- 
33. mation, induction, inductive, indication, indicative, swindle. 



l62 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 



(q) Two Half- lengths :— Aptitude, protect, predict, pro- 
duct, predicate, peudant, petulant, apartment, compartment, 
appointment, participate, superintend, abdicate, abduct, 
bottled, battled, bedecked, beautified, bottomed, betided, bed- 
stead, bundled, bandaged, abundant, abandoned, bordered, 
abetment, abutment, abatement, betokened, treadled, treat- 

7. ment, tantalate, tantalite, tradewind, standard, deduct, detect, 

8. detached, detained, dedicate, deadened, dotard, detailed, 
identified, chartered, agitated, adjudicate, actuated, cultivate, 

jo. scuttled, curtailed, curdled, credited, kindled, candidate, 

11. courtyard, Quintard, gratified, gratitude, gauntlet, ratified, 

12. retained, ordained, redound, reticent (omitting 2), ridiculed, 

13. affidavit, fattened, flattened, frightened, fortunate, fraudulent, 

14. evident, verdict, ventilate, vindicate, ventured, verdant, 
75. retailed, retaliate, ardent, ordinate, hardened, returned, re- 
16. deemed, stereotyped, authenticate, thundered, threatened, 
77. throttled, astound, estimate, esteemed, estopped, latitude, 

18. lightened, landward (I/nd-Rd), lieutenant, shortened, short- 

19. hand, meddled, moddled, mottled, metaled, mettled, mutilate, 

20. modulate, medicate, meditate, mitigate, modified, maddened, 

21. midnight, maintained, mendicant, amendment, impendent, 

22. indicted, undoubted, antidote, antedate, intact, indicate, 

23. indebted, intimate, indent, intend, induct, notified, nettled, 

24. handled, handmaid, syndicate, sentiment, anticipate (omit- 
23. ting 2), inordinate, integrant, integrate, nurtured, windward 
2(5. (wNd-wRd), swindled (sWnd-Ld). 

7. (r) A Half-I/ength and Two Full-Lengths :— Patrick, 

2. padlock, petrify, patricide, pettifogger, spontaneity, Butterick, 

j. bridegroom, bedlam, judiciously, kidnap, kidnapper, kaleido- 

4. scope (as though KHeid? 'scope) , Godlike, Godliness, goodli- 

5. ness, fetlock, fidelity, feudalism, fratricide, frantically, land- 

6. scape, landlady, lutestring, Matlock, metallic, meteoric, 

7. modicum, maturety, meddlesome, matricide, matronly, meta- 

8. phorical, nightingale, needlessly, endlessly, antipodal, hand- 

9. somely. 

1. (s) A Half-I/ength Between Two Full-I/engths :— 

2. Politeness, piratical, palatal, pomatum, operatic, precatory, 
j. peasantry, pleasantry, purgatory, palatable, parental, perverti- 

4. ble (Prf-Ret-Bl), Atlantic, outlandish (-Shay), absolutely, 

5. obediently, dormitory, dramatic, rectify, phonetic, fanatic, 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 163 

6. fanatical, formidable, fermented, verbatim, cathedral ( two 
j. other ways), romantic, aromatic, remittal, limitless, limitary, 

8. lunatic, laudatory, limitable, laboratory, libratory, L,evitical, 

9. military, muriatic [See $182], macadamize, marital (M-Ret- 

10. Lay), musketry, misgotten, migratory, momentary, momen- 
//. turn, multiply, multiple, monumental, misfortune, mandatory, 

12. infatuate, pneumatic, nugatory, encounter ( also by lengthen- 

13. ing ), inventory, incidental, nonentity, involuntary (N-Vlnt- 

14. Ray). 

7. (t) A Full-length and Two Half-I,engths -.—Pertinent, 

2. promptitude, premeditate, department, deportment, dependent, 

3. despondent, discordant, capitulate, correspondent, rectified, 

4. rectitude, resentment, redundant, respondent, resplendent, 

5. fortitude, fortified, fructified, ascertained, legitimate, left-hand, 

6. multitude, multiplied, importunate, impertinent, inaptitude, 

7. infatuated, unindebted, inundated, enactment, ingratitude, 

8. ungratified, encountered. 

1. (u) Two Full-I^engths and One Half-I^ength :— Para- 

2. pet, populate, polluted, postulate, palliated, perpetuate, palpi- 

3. tate, propagate, pre-occupied, propitiate, project, precinct, 

4. precipitate, protract, peppermint, precipitant, pigment, para- 

5. mount, polyglot, pamphlet, perpetrate, prominent, pre- 

6. monished, promulgate, prevaricate, predestinate, pontificate 
7- B 2 8.3], obdurate, abject, backward, subtract, observant, out- 
8. lived, tangled, tumbled ( T-M-Bld ), outstretched, strengthened, 
g. duplicate, detract, decrepit, designate, degenerate, diminished, 

10. admonished, document, democrat, deprecate, depreciate, domi- 

11. nant (D-Mn-Nt), determined, adjunct, coincident, expedient, 

12. kindred ( also by lengthening ) , extract, extricate, extravagant, 

13. gravitate, granulated, hypocrit, habiliment, originate, reject, 

14. rusticate, reprimand, reciprocate, restrict, restricts, fumigate, 

15. fluctuate, vinaigrette, argument, remnant (R-M-Nnt), Rumford, 
z6. arbitrate, armament, aristocrat, remunerate, aspirant, assem- 

17. bled, Israelite, legislate, litigate [§ 283], litigant, syllabified, 

18. syllabicate, lubricate, salubricate, liquidate, liquified, ligament, 

19. lodgment, illuminated, militant, merriment (or Mr-Mnt), 

20. misemployed, implicate, munificent, manifold, manipulate 

21. (Mn-P-Lt), employment, omniscient (or M-T$sknt)> miscalcu- 

22. late, misappropriate, impediment, impeachment, involute, 



164 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

23. inject, inundate, inviolate, intestate, novitiate, instigate, 

24. entitled, investigate, nigrescent, invigorate, nutriment. 

/. (v) Contrast : — Pit, pity ; pat, Pattie ; put, putty ; bet, 

2. Betty ; Kit, Kitty ; Kate, Katie ; net, Nettie ; fat, fatty ; lot, 

j. Lottie ; dad, daddy ; date, data ; plate, Plato ; confide, Fido ; 

4. cloud, cloudy; blood, bloody; word, wordy; bound, bounty ; 

5. boot, booty; grand, grandee; canned, candy; sand, sandy; 

6. land, landau; thrift, thrifty; speed, speedy; greed, greedy; 

7. sift, safety ; salt, salty ; sunned, Sunday ; fried, Friday ; need, 

8. needy ; tide, tidy ; might, mighty ; knot, knotty ; brand, 
g. brandy. 

1. (w) Contrast:— Fight, fiat [§281]; quite, quiet; tried, 

2. triad; died, diet; died, diadem. 

7. (x) Contrast: — Mote, mowed; meet, meed; neat, need; 

2. heart, hard ; hurt, heard ; mute, mewed ; mate, made ; halt, 

3. hauled; net, Ned; sent, send; comment, commend; mat, 

4. mad ; hint, hind ; Holt, hold ; recent, reasoned ; decent, 

5. descend. 

1. (y) Contrasts— Old, load [§280]; ailed, laid; oiled, Loyd; 

2. soiled, solid ; howled, loud ; reeled, relayed ; late, laid ; light, 

3. lied; pulled, pallid; pyrate, parade; dilute, delayed; marred, 

4. married ; nailed, inlaid ; stored, storied ; word, worried ; hired, 

5. ride ; tarred, tarried ; tired, tyrade, torrid ; mauled, mellowed; 

6. insult, unsullied ; bard, borrowed ; veered, varied ; wallet, 

7. wallowed; hard, harrowed; yelled, yellowed; fired, furrowed — 

8. narrowed. 

/. ( z ) Contrast : — I^ate, elate [§ 282] ; cute, acute ; mid, amid ; 

2. bet, abet ; foot, afoot ; bate, abate ; bat, Abbott ; knit, unit ; 

3. night, unite; vowed, avowed; lot, allot; light, alight; bide, 

4. abide; bode, abode; bed, abed; nod, annoyed; iced, acid; 

5. met, Bmmett; bayed, obeyed; dot, idiot. 

289. Direction to Student: — (a) A large majority of 
the words in the following .sentences illustrate the halving prin- 
ciple in some form, (b) Practice until you can. write accurately 
and neatly, at the rate of one hundred words per minute, there 
being one thousand and six words. 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 165 

WRITING EXERCISE — SENTENCES ON HALVING. 

i. "A-little bit late tonight, " was-the salute of-the old gen- 
tleman as Ned went by-the gate. 2. It-is stated that-when Claude 
sailed around- the world, his guide caught-him by-the hand and- 
seized his pocket book and all-his gold and-tried to-throw-him 
overboard. 3. We-must avoid bad and : conceited men. 4. After 
a-hard fight, the cat killed-the rat. but let-the rabbit get away 
unhurt. 5. Fred is-a shrewd and-bold-lad, but-he-is so-proud and- 
acts-the dude to-such an-extent that-he-has few-friends. 6. The 
crowd-agreed to-treat-the threats of-the coward with-cold : con- 
tempt. 7. Clyde-Boyd made Maud mad. 8. Canned fruit, nuts, 
dates, dried-meats, and-light-bread constitute -the greater part of- 
the guard's diet. 9. The scared prisoner pleaded "not-guilty." 
10. Miss Nettie Hunt sang " I^ead, Kindly Light" at-the tent 
meeting last October. 11. The child sobbed and-cried aloud 
when she-dropped- the slate. 12. We accordingly told-the delin- 
quent if-he-could-not pay-the-debt immediately, we-would put it 
into-the-hands of- an attorney. 13. The astonished gentleman 
walked into-the establishment without-the amount he-thought he- 
had-brought. 14. We can-not account for- the failure to-count- 
the votes in-Bedford County. 15. On-the-other-hand, the move- 
ment should-be-sanctioned by gentlemen having ability to-liqui- 
date-the indebtedness. 16. The ordinary quality of-lard is-not- 
good in-biscuits, as-it tends to-make-them brittle and-hard. 17. I- 
will-not take that particular opportunity to-complete-the record. 
18. We intend to-attend-the meeting tonight and-attempt to-unite- 
the efforts of-the avowed friends of-the movement to-get-the 
allotment. 19. When-Fred beheld-the blood that-flowed from- 
the wound he-was frightened. 20. The plaintive notes of-a flute 
were heard around and-about-the secret haunts of-the wicked old 
hermit. 21 . The ground is soft because-it rained last-night. 
22. In a-department store is generally found such-articles [Ret- 
Kls ] as canned-goods, paint, gimlets, cleats, shirts, plates, bolts, 
bits, thread, braid, slates, coats, pants, pots, nuts, dates, fruits, 
beads, sheets, shades, boots, kites, spades, skates, swords, mats, 
and-many other articles of hardware and-dry-goods. 23. The 
old lady hired a-maid to-attend to-the-household [Hays 4 -Let] 
duties after her return from- the mountain. 24. It-is bad co-be 
dunned for old debts. 25. The conceited scout conceived-the plot 
which led to-the-loss of-his: command. 26. Jesus shed his inno- 



l66 SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 

cent blood that all-might-live. 27. Katie Holt had quite a-long 
chat with Pete Tate when-they-went boat riding in-the moonlight. 
28. Ned sped to-the pond with-his skates and-spent-the afternoon 
with-his little-friends. 29. The flowers were put in-the pit and- 
kept through-the cold weather. 30. Mat's pet-cat caught-my little 
bird. 31, There-is quite an-art in blend : ing-the tints when-paint- 
ing cloud-scenes. 32. Bid him get-his old boots to-wear in- 
the-mud. 33. The debate between Hart Bedwell and-Clyde 
Martin about a-fortnight ago was attended by a-great-crowd. 
34. Late in-the night we heard a-shot fired [§277], and- went out 
and-found Howard Judd with a-bullet wound in-the-heart, froni- 
which-he afterwards [$ 155, e\ died. 35. Speed in writing short- 
hand is-gained only by constant study and-persistent practice. 
36. A-proud-look and-hands that-shed innocent blood are abomi- 
nations unto God. 37. I^ives of-great men all remind-us we-can 
make our-lives sublime ; and, departing, leave behind-us footprints 
on-the sands of time. — Longfellow, 38. L,et-me not be ashamed, 
oh Lord ; for I-have called upon-thee ; let-the wicked be ashamed, 
and-let-them be-silent in-the-grave. — Bible. 39. I-have-fought a- 
good-fight, I-have finished my-eourse, I-have kept-the faith. — Paul. 
40. Godliness wi th : contentment is-great gain. — Paul. 41. Having 
food and-raiment let-us-be therewith : content. — Paul. 42. Take- 
the helmet of-salvation and-the sword of-the Spirit, which-is-the 
word of-God. — Bible. 43. The silence that accepts merit as-the 
most natural thing in-the world, is-the highest applause. — Emer- 
son. 44. There-is-no excellence uncoupled with difficulties. — 
Ovid. 45. All-great-men find eternity affirmed in-the very 
promise of- their-f acuities. — Emerson. 46. We can-not employ- 
the mind to advantage when-we-are filled with excessive food and- 
drink. — Cicero. 47. The soul of-the sluggard desireth, and-hath 
nothing : but- the soul of-the diligent shall-be-made fat. — Prov. 
14:4. 48. Judges and-senates have-been bought for-gold; esteem 
and-love were never to-be-sold. — Pope. 49. Whatever creed be 
taught, or land be-trod, man's conscience is-the-oracle of-God. — 
Byron. 50. There-is a-tide in-the affairs of-men which, taken at- 
the flood, leads on to-fortune. — Shakespeare. 51. Attempt-the 
end and-never stand to-doubt ; nothing's so-hard but search will- 
find it out. — Herrick. 52. Ill-deeds are doubled with an-evil- 
word. — Shakespeare. 53. The man that hath no music in him- 
self, nor-is-not moved with : concord of-sweet sounds, is-fit for- 
treasons, stratagems, and-spoils ; the motions of-his spirit are dull 



SHORTHAND SIMPLIFIED. 1 67 

as night, and-his affections dark as Erubus ; let no-such man be- 
trusted. — Shakespeare \ 54. What fates impose, that men must 
needs abide; it boots not to-resist both windand-tide. — Shakespeare, 
55. Hell is-paved with good intentions. — Boswell. 56. Words 
are easy, like-the-wind ; faithful friends are-hard to-find. — Richard 
Barnfield. 57. Ring out wild bells to-the wild sky, the flying 
clouds, the frosty light ; the year is dying in-the night ; ring out 
wild bells and-let him die. — Tennyson, 58. Standing with 
reluctant feet, where-the brook and-river meet, womanhood 
and-childhood fleet. — Longfellow, 59. To-live in-hearts we-leave 
behind is-not to-die. — Thomas Campbell, 60.* The keenest pangs 
the wretched find, are rapture to-the dreary - void, the leafless 
desert of- the mind, the waste of- feelings unemployed. — Lord 
Byron, 



i£ 



1$ 



